Apala mishra AIR - 9 , 2020
Value addition notes for Polity (GS2) for mains.

#Topper_Notes
#mains

🔆Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022

✅ Why in News: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change published the Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022 to ensure environmentally sound management of waste batteries and replace the Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001.

▪️Batteries covered under the new rules:

✅Electric Vehicle batteries
✅Portable batteries
✅Automotive batterie
✅Industrial batteries

▪️Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022:

✅Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Producers (including importers) of batteries are responsible for the collection and recycling/refurbishment of waste batteries and the use of recovered materials from waste into new batteries.

✅Mechanism of centralized online portal: For the exchange of EPR certificates between producers and recyclers/refurbishers to fulfil the obligations of producers.

✅Industries and entrepreneurship: Setting up of new industries and entrepreneurship in collection and recycling/refurbishment of waste batteries.

✅Mandatory minimum percentage of recovery of materials from waste batteries: It will bring new technologies and investment in the recycling and refurbishment industry and create new business opportunities.

✅Online registration & reporting, auditing, and a committee: To monitor and implement rules and to take measures required for removal of difficulties.

✅Polluter Pays Principle : Environmental compensation will be imposed for non-fulfilment of Extended Producer Responsibility targets, responsibilities and obligations set out in the rules.

✅Utilization of funds: The funds collected under environmental compensation shall be utilized in collection and refurbishing or recycling of uncollected and non-recycled waste batteries.

✅Basel Convention : It Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal

#environment
#mains
#prelims

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🔆 Hunger & Nutrition – Key Data (2024)

📍 Undernutrition & Ranking
✅ India ranked 105/127 in Global Hunger Index 2024
✅ Over 225 million undernourished people in India

📍 Women’s Health Indicators
✅ 57% of women (aged 15–49) are anaemic
✅ 18.7% women (aged 15–49) have BMI below 18.5
✅ 6.4% women and 4.0% men (aged 15–49) are obese
✅ 23% women and 22.1% men (aged 15–49) are overweight

📍 Child Nutrition Stats
✅ Stunting (under 5 years) = 35% (global avg = 23%)
✅ Underweight children = 30% (global avg = 13%)
✅ Wasted children = 19%

📍 Food & Welfare Coverage
✅ Food wastage in India ≈ 50 kg per person per year
✅ 99.01% beneficiaries covered under National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 in 2023–24

#GS2 #GS3 #GS1 #Ethics #essay #social_issue #mains

🔆 Fertilisers in Indian Agriculture

✅ India’s position:
• 3rd largest producer
• 2nd largest consumer (after China)
📊 FAO

✅ Fertiliser subsidy:
• 0.5% of GDP (2nd after food subsidy)
• ₹1.75 lakh crore
• Only 35% reaches intended beneficiaries
📊 NITI Aayog

✅ Urea dominates sector:
• 85% produced, 75% consumed, 50% imported
📊 Economic Survey

✅ NPK Ratio:
• Ideal = 4:2:1
• 2023–24 actual = 10.9:4.4:1
📊 Fertiliser Association of India

#Data #GS3 #GS1 #mains #agriculture

🔆 Judiciary Data

📍 Total Pending Cases in Supreme Court
✅ 83,000 (34% cases less than 1 year old)

📍 Case Disposal Rate of Supreme Court
✅ 92.6%

📍 Total Pending Cases in High Courts
✅ ~ 60 lakh (75% cases more than 1 year old)

📍 High Courts Sanctioned Strength
✅ 1114, current = 968, vacancies ~ 150

📍 Total Pending Cases in District & Lower Judiciary
✅ ~ 4.5 crore (65% cases more than 1 year old)

📍 Judges to Population Ratio in India
✅ 21/million (120th Law Commission recommended 50/million)

📍 Vacancies in Judiciary as of November 2024
✅ More than 5,600 vacancies (2 in SC, 364 in HCs, 5245 in lower courts)

📍 PILs Filed Before the SC
✅ Consistently increased from 2014 (~30,000 PILs) to 2021 (~1,14,000 PILs)


#GS2 #GS4 #Ethics #essay #governance #mains
#polity

📘 Land, Forest, and Water Data – Snapshot

✅ 1 million sq km of land is getting degraded each year, with an estimated 15 million sq km already impacted (more than the entire continent of Antarctica) by land degradation
🔹 UNCCD – Land Degradation

✅ 27.77% of the total land area is degraded
🔹 SDG India Index 2024 – Land Degradation

✅ 46% global land area classified as drylands, home to a third of humanity
🔹 UNCCD Report – Drylands

✅ Forest Cover in India = 25% of geographical area (81 million hectares)
🔹 ISFR 2021 – Forest Cover

✅ There has been a net increase of 58,891 sq km in forest cover and 14,277 sq km in tree cover in the last two decades (2001 to 2021)
🔹 ISFR 2021

✅ Area under mangroves = 4992 sq km
🔹 ISFR 2021 – Mangroves

✅ 1.3 million hectares area covered under afforestation schemes
🔹 SDG India Index 2024 – Afforestation

✅ Remaining global forest cover is 60% — well below the safe boundary of 75%
🔹 UNCCD report – Forest Cover

✅ 20% of Earth’s land surface covered by the savanna is now under threat from cropland expansion and poorly planned afforestation
🔹 UNCCD report – Grasslands

✅ 47% aquifers of the world are being depleted faster than they are replenished
🔹 UNCCD Report – Water

✅ More than 50% of world’s major rivers disrupted by dam construction
🔹 UNCCD Report – Water, Rivers, Dam

#Data #GS3 #GS1 #GS2 #mains #essay

🔆 Horticulture in India

✅ Contribution to Agri GDP:
Horticulture contributes 35% to agri GDP, employs 20% of agriculture labour force
📊 Source: National Horticulture Board

✅ Production Composition:
Fruits & vegetables = 90% of total horticulture production
📊 Source: National Horticulture Board

✅ Total Production (2022–23):
350 million tonnes – horticulture output has outpaced grain crops since 2013
📊 Source: Ministry of Agriculture

#Data #GS3 #GS1 #mains #agriculture