🔆 Hunger & Nutrition – Key Data (2024)

📍 Undernutrition & Ranking
✅ India ranked 105/127 in Global Hunger Index 2024
✅ Over 225 million undernourished people in India

📍 Women’s Health Indicators
✅ 57% of women (aged 15–49) are anaemic
✅ 18.7% women (aged 15–49) have BMI below 18.5
✅ 6.4% women and 4.0% men (aged 15–49) are obese
✅ 23% women and 22.1% men (aged 15–49) are overweight

📍 Child Nutrition Stats
✅ Stunting (under 5 years) = 35% (global avg = 23%)
✅ Underweight children = 30% (global avg = 13%)
✅ Wasted children = 19%

📍 Food & Welfare Coverage
✅ Food wastage in India ≈ 50 kg per person per year
✅ 99.01% beneficiaries covered under National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 in 2023–24

#GS2 #GS3 #GS1 #Ethics #essay #social_issue #mains

🔆 Fertilisers in Indian Agriculture

✅ India’s position:
• 3rd largest producer
• 2nd largest consumer (after China)
📊 FAO

✅ Fertiliser subsidy:
• 0.5% of GDP (2nd after food subsidy)
• ₹1.75 lakh crore
• Only 35% reaches intended beneficiaries
📊 NITI Aayog

✅ Urea dominates sector:
• 85% produced, 75% consumed, 50% imported
📊 Economic Survey

✅ NPK Ratio:
• Ideal = 4:2:1
• 2023–24 actual = 10.9:4.4:1
📊 Fertiliser Association of India

#Data #GS3 #GS1 #mains #agriculture

📘 Land, Forest, and Water Data – Snapshot

✅ 1 million sq km of land is getting degraded each year, with an estimated 15 million sq km already impacted (more than the entire continent of Antarctica) by land degradation
🔹 UNCCD – Land Degradation

✅ 27.77% of the total land area is degraded
🔹 SDG India Index 2024 – Land Degradation

✅ 46% global land area classified as drylands, home to a third of humanity
🔹 UNCCD Report – Drylands

✅ Forest Cover in India = 25% of geographical area (81 million hectares)
🔹 ISFR 2021 – Forest Cover

✅ There has been a net increase of 58,891 sq km in forest cover and 14,277 sq km in tree cover in the last two decades (2001 to 2021)
🔹 ISFR 2021

✅ Area under mangroves = 4992 sq km
🔹 ISFR 2021 – Mangroves

✅ 1.3 million hectares area covered under afforestation schemes
🔹 SDG India Index 2024 – Afforestation

✅ Remaining global forest cover is 60% — well below the safe boundary of 75%
🔹 UNCCD report – Forest Cover

✅ 20% of Earth’s land surface covered by the savanna is now under threat from cropland expansion and poorly planned afforestation
🔹 UNCCD report – Grasslands

✅ 47% aquifers of the world are being depleted faster than they are replenished
🔹 UNCCD Report – Water

✅ More than 50% of world’s major rivers disrupted by dam construction
🔹 UNCCD Report – Water, Rivers, Dam

#Data #GS3 #GS1 #GS2 #mains #essay

🔆 Horticulture in India

✅ Contribution to Agri GDP:
Horticulture contributes 35% to agri GDP, employs 20% of agriculture labour force
📊 Source: National Horticulture Board

✅ Production Composition:
Fruits & vegetables = 90% of total horticulture production
📊 Source: National Horticulture Board

✅ Total Production (2022–23):
350 million tonnes – horticulture output has outpaced grain crops since 2013
📊 Source: Ministry of Agriculture

#Data #GS3 #GS1 #mains #agriculture

🔆 Delhi Sultanate Architecture: Dynasties & Key Innovations

📍 Slave/Mamluk Dynasty (1206–1290)
✅ Known as Mamluk style
✅ Introduction of arches, domes, minarets, Arabic inscriptions
✅ Influence of Roman architecture through arches & domes
✅ Post-and-lintel (slab-beam) technique
✅ Use of Arabesque patterns and Quranic inscriptions
✅ Innovation: First true arch in Balban’s tomb
✅ Examples: Qutub Minar, Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, Arhai-din-ka-Jhonpra, Balban’s Tomb

📍 Khilji Dynasty (1290–1320)
✅ Seljuk influence with red sandstone & marble
✅ Use of mortar, recessed arches, perforated windows
✅ Pointed/horse-shoe arches, large domes
✅ Innovation: Arcuate style, use of red sandstone & marble
✅ Examples: Alai Darwaza, Siri Fort

📍 Tughlaq Dynasty (1320–1414)
✅ Strong, massive structures with minimal decoration
✅ Batter style (sloping walls), stone rubble, four-centered arches, pointed domes
✅ Octagonal tombs, encaustic tile work
✅ Innovation: Arch-beam combo, octagonal plans, experimental domes
✅ Examples: Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq’s Tomb, Tughlaqabad, Jahapanah, Ferozabad

📍 Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526)
✅ Simplistic, austere architecture
✅ Mostly octagonal tombs, double domes (inner + outer)
✅ Innovation: Introduction of double dome
✅ Example: Sikander Lodi’s Tomb (Delhi)

#GS1 #ArtAndCulture #Architecture #MedievalIndia