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Buddhist and Jain Council✅#prelims #prelims #history

🔆The article commemorates the Vaikom Satyagraha, a landmark event in India's history that paved the way for social reforms in South India.

Key Points:
📍Vaikom Satyagraha:
✅A non-violent protest against the restriction of backward caste Hindus from entering public roads near the Vaikom temple.
✅Led by Mahatma Gandhi and Periyar E.V. Ramasamy.
✅Culminated in the lifting of restrictions and paved the way for further social reforms.
📍Role of B.R. Ambedkar:
✅Ambedkar's inclusion of the clause "subject to public order, morality and health" in the Constitution enabled state intervention in religious matters.

📍Temple Entry Reforms:
✅Several states, particularly Tamil Nadu and Kerala, enacted laws to allow entry of all castes into temples

📍Significance of Vaikom Satyagraha:
✅A milestone in India's struggle for social justice and equality.
✅Inspired other social reform movements in India.
✅Showcased the power of non-violent resistance.
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The Peshwas #prelims #history@thegameoftoppers

📜 Eminent Personalities of Ancient India 🇮🇳

✅ Alexander – Ruler of Macedonia, invaded India in 326 BC, reached river Beas.
✅ Ajatashatru – Son of Bimbisara, established Pataliputra.
✅ Arien – Greek historian, wrote about Alexander’s invasion.
✅ Ashwaghosa – Wrote Buddha Charita, Sutralankar, and Sandaranand.
✅ AmarSimha – Sanskrit scholar, wrote Amarakosha in Chandragupta’s court.
✅ Aryabhatta – Explained solar & lunar eclipses, declared Earth is round, wrote Aryabhattiyam.
✅ Bimbisara – Founded Magadha Empire (Haryanka Dynasty), first influential king.
✅ Banabhatta – Court poet of Harshavardhana, wrote Harsha Charita & Kadambari.
✅ Charak – Ayurvedic expert, wrote Charak-Samhita.
✅ Amoghavarsha – Famous Rashtrakuta ruler.
✅ Patanjali – Founded ‘Yoga Shastra’, Hindu philosophy school.
✅ Dhanananda – Powerful Magadha king; Alexander did not invade Magadha due to his reputation.
✅ Darius I – Persian ruler who invaded India in 6th century BC.
✅ Gautami Putra Satakarni – Most famous Satavahana king (2nd century).

📜 Other Key Personalities

✅ Harisena – Wrote Prayaga Prashasti (Allahabad Pillar Inscription of Samudragupta).
✅ Kharavela – Ruler of Kalinga in 1st century AD, known for Hathigumpha inscription.
✅ Kanishka – Kushan king, started Shaka Era, organized 4th Buddhist Council (Kundalvana, Kashmir).
✅ Karikala – Chola ruler, founded Puhar (Kaveri Pattinam).
✅ Kautilya (Chanakya) – Wrote Arthashastra, compared to Machiavelli.
✅ Kalidasa – Sanskrit poet; wrote Raghuvamsa, Abhijnana Shakuntalam, Meghadutam.
✅ Kamban – Tamil poet (11th century), wrote Ramayanam in Tamil.
✅ Mihir Bhoja – Famous Pratihara ruler (9th century).
✅ Kalhana – Kashmiri poet & historian, wrote Rajatarangini.
✅ Marco Polo – Venetian traveller, visited India (13th century).
✅ Menander – Indo-Greek king, embraced Buddhism, known as Milinda Panho.
✅ Nagarjuna – Buddhist monk, propounded Madhyamaka philosophy.
✅ Makkali Gosala – Founder of Ajivika Sect (6th century BC).
✅ Mihirkula – Huna conqueror, defeated by Yashodharma.
✅ Skandagupta – Last mighty Gupta ruler.

📜 Scholars & Scientists of Ancient India

✅ Sushrut – Doctor, wrote Sushruta-Samhita.
✅ Pulikeshi II – Powerful Chalukya king, defeated Harshavardhana.
✅ Pushya Mitra Sunga – Killed last Mauryan ruler, founded Sunga Dynasty (185 BC).
✅ Pliny – Roman historian, wrote Natural History, documented Mauryas of India.
✅ Panini – Sanskrit grammarian, wrote Ashtadhyayi.
✅ Varahamihira – Astronomer, wrote Brihat Samhita.
✅ Sankaracharya – Propagated Advaita philosophy, born in Kaladi, Kerala.

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🔆 River Names

📍 Ancient Names & Modern Names
✅ Kubhu → Kuram
✅ Kubha → Kabul
✅ Vitastata → Jhelum
✅ Askini → Chenab
✅ Purushni → Ravi
✅ Shatudri → Satluj
✅ Vipasha → Beas
✅ Sadanira → Gandak
✅ Drishdvati → Ghaghara
✅ Gomti → Gomal
✅ Suwastu → Swat
✅ Sindhu → Indus/Sindhu
✅ Sarsuti / Drishtwarti → Ghaghar / Saraswati Rakshi/Chittag
✅ Sushoma → Sohan
✅ Marudvridha → Maruvarman

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Governor general of India #history #prelims

🔆 Harappan Sites

📍 Harappa
✅ Explored by: Dayaram Sahani in 1921-1923
✅ Location and Facts: On the bank of river Ravi, important finding includes human statute and bullock cart. Stone dancing Natraja and Cemetery-37 have been excavated here.

📍 Mohenjodaro
✅ Explored by: Rakaldas Banerji in 1922
✅ Location and Facts: On the Bank of river Indus, the important findings are great bath and granary. Pashupati Mahadeva (Proto Shiva) seal and fragment of woven cotton have been excavated.

📍 Chanudaro
✅ Explored by: Gopal Majumdar in 1931
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the Bank of river Indus in Sindh, Pakistan. It is the only Indus Site with no Citadel. Bronze figurines of bullock cart and ekkas and a small pot suggesting a kink well have been excavated. The important findings are bead makers shop.

📍 Lothal
✅ Explored by: Ranganath Rao in 1954
✅ Location and Facts: In Gujarat on the Bhogva river, an important finding is, it was the first man-made port. City was divided into Citadel and the lower town and dockyard. Evidence of rice has been found here.

📍 Kalibanga (Black Bangles), Rajasthan
✅ Explored by: BB Lal in 1961
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the bank of river Ghaggar. Evidence of ploughed field, wooden furrow, seven fire-altars, bones of camel and two types of burials (Circular grave and rectangular grave) have been found.

📍 Dholavira
✅ Explored by: JP Joshi in 1967-68
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the bank of river Luni of Kachchh district in Gujarat. Evidence of unique water management system, Harappan inscription and stadium has been found here.

📍 Surkotada (Gujarat)
✅ Explored by: JP Joshi in 1972
✅ Location and Facts: Situated between the rivers Sabarmati and the Bhogavo. Evidence of horse, oval grave and pit burial has been found here.

📍 Banawali (Haryana)
✅ Explored by: RS Bisht in 1973
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the bank of river Saraswati. Evidence of both pre-Harappan and Harappan culture and barley with good quality has been found here.

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🔆 Vedic and Associated Literature

📍 Shruti: "That which is heard"; the authoritative religious texts of Hinduism, including the four Vedas and their embedded texts: Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads.

📍 Smriti: "Remembered texts"; includes Vedangas, Puranas, epics, Dharmashastras, and Nitishastra.

📍 Vedas: The four ancient Sanskrit texts:
✅ Rig Veda
✅ Yajur Veda
✅ Sama Veda
✅ Atharva Veda

📍 Samhita: A collection of hymns associated with the Vedas.
📍 Brahmanas: Ritualistic texts explaining Vedic sacrifices.
📍 Aranyakas: "Forest books" forming part of the Vedic corpus.
📍 Vedangas: "Limbs of the Veda"; auxiliary texts.
📍 Gayatri Mantra: Verses from the Rig Veda invoking wisdom and enlightenment.
📍 Puranas: Hindu texts containing the history of various dynasties.
📍 Itihasa-Purana: Texts claiming to refer to past events.
📍 Dharmasutras: The earliest Dharmashastras, written in aphoristic style.
📍 Dharma-Shastra: Texts codifying social and ritual duties within the Varna system.

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