The Game of Toppers
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๐Ÿ”† Government Securities (G-Sec) :

โœ… A Tradable instrument issued by the Central Government or the State Governments.
โœ… A G-Sec is a type of debt instrument issued by the government to borrow money from the public to finance its Fiscal Deficit.
โœ… Kinds :
โ—ฝ๏ธShort : Term (usually called treasury bills, with original maturities of less than one year
โ—ฝ๏ธLong : Term (usually called Government bonds or dated securities with original maturity of one year or more)
โœ… Issuer :
๐Ÿ”ธ๏ธ Central Government - issues both, treasury bills & bonds or dated securities
๐Ÿ”ธ๏ธ State Government - Only bonds or dated securities [State Development Loans (SDLs)]
โœ… G-Secs carry practically no risk of default and, hence, are called risk-free gilt-edged instruments.
โœ… Issue Mechanism : The RBI conducts Open Market Operations (OMOs) for sale or purchase of G-secs to adjust money supply conditions.

#Economy
#prelims_facts
๐Ÿ”†  The Central Information Commission (CIC) :
 
โœ… Constituted - Under the Right to Information Act, 2005
โœ… Members - Chief Information Commissioner, not more than ten Information Commissioners.
โœ… Appointment - By President
โœ… Status - Statutory Body (Non-Constitutional body)
โœ… Headquarters -  New Delhi.
โœ… Appointment -  On The Recommendation of a Committee Consisting of :
๐Ÿ”ธThe Prime Minister as the Chairperson,
๐Ÿ”ธThe Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and
๐Ÿ”ธA Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.
โœ… Not Eligible for Reappointment .
โœ… Powers - To Investigate RTI complaints, pass orders for the supply of information, and impose penalties for defaults.
โœ… Functions - The Commission is required to receive and inquire into a complaint from any person [Under RTI ACT] :

#polity #prelims_facts
๐Ÿ”†Committees on Western Ghats:

๐Ÿ“Sanjay Kumar Committee:
โœ…Formed to review state objections on ESA demarcations and validate proposed exclusions.
โœ…Will conduct field visits to verify if demands for village exclusions from ESA listings are justified.
โœ…Seeks to finalize the ESA status for villages, restricting activities harmful to biodiversity.

๐Ÿ“Madhav Gadgil Committee (2011):
โœ…Established by UPA government to propose protection measures for the Western Ghats.
โœ…Recommended designating the entire Western Ghats as ecologically sensitive.
โœ…Proposed the creation of a dedicated ecological authority to regulate development.
โœ…Report suggested rigorous conservation, but its recommendations were not fully adopted.

๐Ÿ“Kasturirangan Committee (2012):
โœ…Formed as a follow-up to the Gadgil Committee to provide a more moderate approach.
โœ…Based ESA demarcations on 37% of the Western Ghats, focusing on forested areas.
โœ…Emphasized a balance between conservation and developmental needs, allowing limited activity in specific areas.

#prelims_facts
#mains
Cyclone Fengal
location - Puducherry, Tamilnadu
- low intensity storm
- more destruction due to slow movement (more rainfall in a region)
#GS1 #GS3 #prelims_facts
High-Risk Food Classification:

โœ… High-risk foods are those requiring stringent safety protocols due to their potential to impact public health if mishandled.
โœ…Authority: Governed by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI).
โœ…Law Governing: Regulated under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006.
๐Ÿ“Why Classification:
โœ…To ensure enhanced consumer safety through rigorous testing and monitoring.
โœ…To replace the dual certification process, streamlining regulatory requirements.
๐Ÿ”ธOther Products Under High-Risk Category:
โœ…Dairy products and analogues.
Meat, poultry, fish, and seafood.
Eggs and egg products.
โœ…Prepared and fortified foods (e.g., fortified rice kernels).
โœ…Specialised food products for nutritional uses.
๐Ÿ“Significance of Classification:
โœ…Promotes higher safety standards via mandatory inspections and audits.
โœ…Simplifies industry compliance by eliminating redundancy, such as BIS certification.
โœ…Increases consumer trust in food safety measures.

#gs1 #prelims_facts
Black carbon sources and impact
# prelims #prelims #prelims_facts
โ€œScientists discover the largest coral colony on Earth in the Solomon Islands: Key insights on its size and ageโ€
Itโ€™s the largest coral known to date. The coral is comparable in size to two basketball courts or five tennis courts.

Physical Characteristics:

1. It is lying at a depth of 40 feet below the surface. Its height (16 feet) indicates an estimated age of over 300 years.
2. It is visible from space due to its sheer size and striking colors.
3. It belongs to the Pavona clavus species. It is predominantly brown but includes vibrant hues of yellow, blue, and red.
4. It provides habitat, shelter, and breeding grounds for various marine species, including shrimp, crabs, and fish.
5. It has been compared to finding the worldโ€™s tallest tree due to its ecological importance.

join here for more#prelims #geography #prelims_facts
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๐Ÿ”† WORLD BANK

โœ… The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) + International Development Association (IDA).
โœ… Established : 1944 , Bretton Woods Conference (USA)
โœ… To regulate International monetary & Financial order after World War 2 .

โœ… World Bank Groups :

๐Ÿ”ธ International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
๐Ÿ”ธ International Development Association (IDA)
๐Ÿ”ธ International Finance Corporation (IFC)
๐Ÿ”ธMultilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
๐Ÿ”ธInternational Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)

โœ… Reports :

๐Ÿ”ธWorld Development Report
๐Ÿ”ธEase of doing business Index
๐Ÿ”ธGlobal Economic Prospect report
๐Ÿ”ธRemittance & Migration report
๐Ÿ”ธWorld Development Indicators
๐Ÿ”ธInternational Debt Statistics
๐Ÿ”ธEase of Living Index
๐Ÿ”ธUniversal Health Coverage Index
๐Ÿ”ธThe Service Trade Restriction Index
๐Ÿ”ธIndia Development Update
๐Ÿ”ธLogistics Performance index


#economy
#prelims_facts 
๐Ÿ“œ Eminent Personalities of Ancient India ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ณ

โœ… Alexander โ€“ Ruler of Macedonia, invaded India in 326 BC, reached river Beas.
โœ… Ajatashatru โ€“ Son of Bimbisara, established Pataliputra.
โœ… Arien โ€“ Greek historian, wrote about Alexanderโ€™s invasion.
โœ… Ashwaghosa โ€“ Wrote Buddha Charita, Sutralankar, and Sandaranand.
โœ… AmarSimha โ€“ Sanskrit scholar, wrote Amarakosha in Chandraguptaโ€™s court.
โœ… Aryabhatta โ€“ Explained solar & lunar eclipses, declared Earth is round, wrote Aryabhattiyam.
โœ… Bimbisara โ€“ Founded Magadha Empire (Haryanka Dynasty), first influential king.
โœ… Banabhatta โ€“ Court poet of Harshavardhana, wrote Harsha Charita & Kadambari.
โœ… Charak โ€“ Ayurvedic expert, wrote Charak-Samhita.
โœ… Amoghavarsha โ€“ Famous Rashtrakuta ruler.
โœ… Patanjali โ€“ Founded โ€˜Yoga Shastraโ€™, Hindu philosophy school.
โœ… Dhanananda โ€“ Powerful Magadha king; Alexander did not invade Magadha due to his reputation.
โœ… Darius I โ€“ Persian ruler who invaded India in 6th century BC.
โœ… Gautami Putra Satakarni โ€“ Most famous Satavahana king (2nd century).

๐Ÿ“œ Other Key Personalities

โœ… Harisena โ€“ Wrote Prayaga Prashasti (Allahabad Pillar Inscription of Samudragupta).
โœ… Kharavela โ€“ Ruler of Kalinga in 1st century AD, known for Hathigumpha inscription.
โœ… Kanishka โ€“ Kushan king, started Shaka Era, organized 4th Buddhist Council (Kundalvana, Kashmir).
โœ… Karikala โ€“ Chola ruler, founded Puhar (Kaveri Pattinam).
โœ… Kautilya (Chanakya) โ€“ Wrote Arthashastra, compared to Machiavelli.
โœ… Kalidasa โ€“ Sanskrit poet; wrote Raghuvamsa, Abhijnana Shakuntalam, Meghadutam.
โœ… Kamban โ€“ Tamil poet (11th century), wrote Ramayanam in Tamil.
โœ… Mihir Bhoja โ€“ Famous Pratihara ruler (9th century).
โœ… Kalhana โ€“ Kashmiri poet & historian, wrote Rajatarangini.
โœ… Marco Polo โ€“ Venetian traveller, visited India (13th century).
โœ… Menander โ€“ Indo-Greek king, embraced Buddhism, known as Milinda Panho.
โœ… Nagarjuna โ€“ Buddhist monk, propounded Madhyamaka philosophy.
โœ… Makkali Gosala โ€“ Founder of Ajivika Sect (6th century BC).
โœ… Mihirkula โ€“ Huna conqueror, defeated by Yashodharma.
โœ… Skandagupta โ€“ Last mighty Gupta ruler.

๐Ÿ“œ Scholars & Scientists of Ancient India

โœ… Sushrut โ€“ Doctor, wrote Sushruta-Samhita.
โœ… Pulikeshi II โ€“ Powerful Chalukya king, defeated Harshavardhana.
โœ… Pushya Mitra Sunga โ€“ Killed last Mauryan ruler, founded Sunga Dynasty (185 BC).
โœ… Pliny โ€“ Roman historian, wrote Natural History, documented Mauryas of India.
โœ… Panini โ€“ Sanskrit grammarian, wrote Ashtadhyayi.
โœ… Varahamihira โ€“ Astronomer, wrote Brihat Samhita.
โœ… Sankaracharya โ€“ Propagated Advaita philosophy, born in Kaladi, Kerala.

#history
#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient
๐Ÿ”† Vedic and Associated Literature

๐Ÿ“ Shruti: "That which is heard"; the authoritative religious texts of Hinduism, including the four Vedas and their embedded texts: Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads.

๐Ÿ“ Smriti: "Remembered texts"; includes Vedangas, Puranas, epics, Dharmashastras, and Nitishastra.

๐Ÿ“ Vedas: The four ancient Sanskrit texts:
โœ… Rig Veda
โœ… Yajur Veda
โœ… Sama Veda
โœ… Atharva Veda

๐Ÿ“ Samhita: A collection of hymns associated with the Vedas.
๐Ÿ“ Brahmanas: Ritualistic texts explaining Vedic sacrifices.
๐Ÿ“ Aranyakas: "Forest books" forming part of the Vedic corpus.
๐Ÿ“ Vedangas: "Limbs of the Veda"; auxiliary texts.
๐Ÿ“ Gayatri Mantra: Verses from the Rig Veda invoking wisdom and enlightenment.
๐Ÿ“ Puranas: Hindu texts containing the history of various dynasties.
๐Ÿ“ Itihasa-Purana: Texts claiming to refer to past events.
๐Ÿ“ Dharmasutras: The earliest Dharmashastras, written in aphoristic style.
๐Ÿ“ Dharma-Shastra: Texts codifying social and ritual duties within the Varna system.

#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient_India #UPSC #PSC
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