Gods in Rig Vedic Age
•Indra or Purandara - destroyer of forts | rain god
•Agni - fire god | intermediary between the Gods and people
•Varuna - god of water
•Savitri - god of light
•Rudra - god of animals
•Brahma/ Prajapati - creator of the universe
•Vishnu - Patron god of Aryans
•Yama - god of death
•Ashwin - god of health
• Aditi - mother of gods
•Sindhu - river goddess
• Pushana - protected cattle in early Vedic period | God of shudras in later Vedic period
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Jaina doctrines
•Anekantavada (doctrine of manifold nature of reality)
•Syadavada (the theory of conditioned predication),
•Nayavada (theory of partial standpoints), Triratna (three gems), Pancha Mahavrata (five great vows)
•Ahimsa (doctrine of non-violence)
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16 Mahajanapadas - Capital
•Anga - Champa/Champanagari
• Magatha - Girivraj, Rajgriha/Rajgir (Bimbisara), Patliputra (Udayin), Vaishali (Shishunaga), Patliputra (Kalashok)
•Vajji - Videha, Mithila, Vaishali
•Malla - Kuishinara and Pawa
•Kashi - Varanasi
•Kosala - North - Sravasti/
South - Ayodhya
•Vatsa - Kausambi
•Chedi - Shaktimati/Sotthivati
•Kuru - Indraprastha (modern Delhi)
•Panchala North Panchal-Ahichhatra
South Panchal-Kampilya
•Shurasena - Mathura
• Matsya - Viratnagar
•Avanti - North Avanti-Ujayini South Avanti-Mahishmati
•Ashmaka - Potana/Patali
•Gandhara - Taxila (near Rawalpindi, Pakistan) and Pushkalavati
•Kamboja - Rajapur/Hataka
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Gupta administration
Administrative Unit - Head
•Bhukti/Bhoga (i.e. Province) - Uparika/Bhogapati
•Vishaya (i.e. District) - Vishyapati/Ayukta
•Vithika/Nagar (i.e. City) - Nagarpati/Purapala
•Gram (i.e. village) - Gramika

Important Officials
•Mahabaladhikrita - Commander-in-Chief
•Mahadandanayak- Chief Justice
•Mahapratihar - Maintenance of Royal Palace . •Mahasandhivigrahak - Post-war conciliation
•Dandapashika -Police department head
•Bhandagaradhikreta - Head of Royal treasury
•Mahapaksha-patalik - Head of account department
•Vinayasthitisansathapak - Head of education department
•Sarvadhyaksha - Inspector for all central department
•Mahashwapati - Controller of cavalry
•Mahamahipilapati - Controller & executor of elephantry • Vinayapura - Official to present different guests at the King's court
•Yuktapurusha - Office to keep account of war booty
•Khadyatpakika - Inspector of Royal Kitchen • Ranabhandagarika - Officer in charge of Army Stores
•Mahanarpati - Head of infantry
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Key terms related to jainism
•Basadis - Jaina monastic establishment
•Gandharas - Chief disciplines of Mahavira
•Siddha- Fully liberated
•Dravya - Substance
•Guna - Quality
•Paryaya - Mode
•Jiva - Soul
•Eva - In fact
•Pudgala - Aggregates of atoms which have form, colour, taste and smell, and can be touched and felt
•Chaitanya - Consciousness
•Virya - Energy
•Mohaniya - Delusion causing karmas
•Asarva - Flow
•Nirjara - Wearing out
•Gunasthanas - Stages of purification
•Arhat - Who has entered the stage of kevalajnana.
•Trithankara - Arhat who has already acquired the capability of teaching the doctrine

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Key terms related to Sangam Age
•Kalatika - Superintendent of pearl fisheries
•Kanatikan-Chief of scribes
•Nalakars - Reed workers
•Lonakaras-Salt makers
•Koluvanikam - Trader in ploughshares
•Kolu - Hard iron tip fixed to a wooden ploughshare
•Ur - Assembly of village elders
•Emporium - Coastal town associated with foreign trade
•Pattinam - Port
•Sattavahakula - Family of caravan traders
•Kumbhakarakula - Family of potters
•Setthikula - Family of merchants cum bankers
•Kammarakula - Family of metal smiths
•Atavirakkhikakula- Family of forest guards
•Dhannavanijakula - Family of grain merchants
•Pannikakula - Family of greengrocers •Pasankottakakula - Family of stone grinders
•Sattavahaputta - Son of caravan trader
•Nisadputta - Son of hunter
•Vaddhakiputta - Son of carpenter
•Shailalakas/Selavadhaki - Stone masons
•Kamara - Blacksmith
•Gandhika - Perfumer
•Karshapana - Copper coin
•Niyamakjettha - Head of the sailor's guild.
•Katikai - Assembly of learned persons

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Key terms associated with the Guptas and Vatakas
•Shaulkika - Collector of shulka
•Khila- Untilled land
•Aprahata - Cultivable wasteland
•Aprada - Unsettled land
•Vastu - Habitat land
•Pataka - Land measure equivalent to 60-80 acres
•Modakas - Modern laddus, which was a prized sweet of the Guptas
•Panchayatam - A style of temple construction
•Batas - regular troops
•Chhatras - irregular troops
•Uparika - Tax on tenants
•Udranga - Water tax or police tax
•Vata-bhuta tax- for the maintenance of rituals for the winds and spirits
•Halirakara-plough tax
•Kipta - purchase tax or sales tax
•Upaklipta- additional minor tax
•Vanjika- merchant
•Pulaiya - untouchable
•Stridhana - presents received by the bride at the time of marriage
•Ganikas - courtesans (admired for their beauty but could never attain social respectability)

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Key terms related to Chola kings
•Eccoru - Obligation of villagers to provide food for state officials.
•Vetti - Obligation of villagers to provide labour services to state officials.
•Kadamai - Land revenue collected in kind.
•Antarayam - Rural tax realised in cash.
•Dharmasana - Royal court of justice.
•Ur-nattam - Residential quarter of the landowning farmers.
•Paraiyar - Socially and spatially segregated group of people who were considered ritually impure.
•Vellalar - Cultivating groups.
•Kaniyudaiyar - Land owning farmers.
•Ulukudi - Tenant farmers.
•Perudan - Highest officials.
•Sirutaram - Lower officials.
•Kasu - Gold coins
•Gaudas - Cultivators
•Nettal - Compulsory labour
•Nagaramas - Market centres
•Samanta - Defeated king but still ruling under the lordship of conquering king

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Key terms related to Buddhism
•Chaityas- Prayer halls of monks
•Viharas - Monasteries
•Pravrajya - Ceremony to mark a person's going forth from home into homelessness and his/her becoming a novice under a preceptor. Involved shaving the head and donning ochre robes.
•Upasampada - Ordination ceremony when the novice becomes full-fledged member of the monastic community.
•Uposatha - Ceremony held on full moon and new moon.
•Parajika - Literally meaning defeat, it included four most serious offences involving expulsion from the Sangha (sexual intercourse, taking what is not given, killing someone, and making false claim of spiritual attainment).
•Pavarana is a Buddhist holy day celebrated on Aashvin full moon of the lunar month. It marks the end of the rainy season, sometimes called 'Buddhist Lent'. On this day, each monk must come before the community of monks (Sangha) and atone for an offense he may have committed during the Vassa (rainy season).
•Upasakas - Male followers who have taken refuge in the Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha, but who have not taken monastic vows.
•Upasikas - Enlightened beings who have renounced their own salvation and put off entering paradise in order to help others attain enlightenment.
•Bhikkhu Sangha - Sangha of monks
•Theragatha - Verses of Elder Monks
•Therigatha - Verses of Elder Nuns
•Shramana/Samana - One who strives to realise the
•Paribbajaka/Parivrajaka - Wanderer
•Shakra God Indra
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Famous Books And Authors List
•Agni Veena: Kazi Nasrul Islam
•Baburnama: Babur
•Arthashastra: Kautilya
•Anand Math: Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay •Contract Social: Jean Jacques Rousseau
•The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: Edward Gibbon •Ain-i-Akbari: Abul Fazal
•Akbar-Nama: Abul Fazal
•Raghuvamsa: Kalidas
•Avigyan Sakuntalam: Kalidas
•Shakuntala: Kalidas
•Discovery of India: Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
•My Experiments with Truth: Mahatma M.K.Gandhi
•Geetanjali: Rabindra Nath Tagore
•Das Kapital : Karl Marx
•Chitra: R.N.Tagore
•Bisarjan: R.N.Tagore
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Important Reasoning topics for CSAT paper

●Cube, Calendar & Clock

●Direction

●Blood Relation

●Probability

●Permutation & Combination

●Seating Arrangement

●DI

●Syllogism

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Important Quant topics for CSAT Paper

●Averages (Most Important)

●Percentages

●Ratio-Proportion

●Profit and Loss

●Simple and Compound Interest

●Time and Work

●Time, Speed and Distance


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Vedic Age Terminology
•Sabha - Assembly that performs judicial functions.

•Samiti- Folk assembly in which people of the tribe gathered for transacting tribal business

•Sabhavat- Women who attended the assembly

•Madhyamasi -Mediator in Disputes

•Sangrahitri- Treasurer

•Bhagadugha - Tax Collector

•Akshavapa- Account officer

•Ugra, Jivagrabha- Police official

•Prashnavinak- Judges

•A-vrata- people who do not obey the ordinances of the gods.

•Pushan- God of Shudras
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Vedanga

1. Shiksha - Phonetics

2. Vyakarana - Grammar

3. Kalpasutra - Rites, Rules, Geometry

4. Jyotisha - Astronomy

5. Chanda - auxiliary discipline has focused on the poetic meters

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Upvedas

1. Rig: Ayurveda

2. Sama: Gandharva

3. Yajur: Dhanur

4. Atharva: Shilpa

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ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT OF VIJAYNAGAR EMPIRE.
1. Mandal — State

2. Kottam or Valnadu — District

3. Nadu — Tahsil

4. Melagram — 50 Villages

5. Kar — Village
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Mains Answer Writing
Discuss similarities and differences between the Maurya columns and Achaemenian pillars. (10 marks) (150 words)

You can send your copies to @dr_gjsontake for evaluation

Famous Books
•Chandra Vyakaran ......Chandragomin

•Amar Kosh .......... Amar Singh

•Niti Shastra ......... Kamandak

•Kamasutra ................ Vatsya yana

•Panchasiddhantika.... Varahamihira

•Ashtanga Hridaya .........Vaghbhatta

•Hastyaurveda .................. Pulkapya

•Sankhyakarika ........ Iswarkrishna

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5 SYMBOLS OF BUDDHA

•Birth - Lotus and Bull

•Renunciation - Horse

•Enlightenment- Bodhitree

•First Sermon - Dharma Chakra

•Nirvana (Death) - Foot prints

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Six systems of Indian Philosophy

•Samkya - Sage Kapila

•Yoga - Patanjali

•Vaisheshika - Kannada

•Nyaya - Akshapada (Gautama)

•Vedanta - Gaudapada and Shankaracharya

•Mimamsa - Jaimini
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