14 Ministers of Interim Government
(September 2, 1946-August 15, 1947)

1. Jawaharlal Nehru: Vice President of Executive Council, External Affairs and Common Wealth Relations

2. Vallabhbhai Patel: Home, Information and Broadcasting

3. Baldev Singh: Defence

4. Dr. John Mathai: Industries and Supplies

5. C. Rajagopalachari: Education

6. C.H. Bhabha: Works, Mines and Power

7. Rajendra Prasad: Agriculture and Food

8. Jagjivan Ram: Labour

9. Asaf Ali: Railway.

10. Liaquat Ali Khan (Muslim League): Finance

11. Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar (Muslim League): Commerce

12. Abdur Rab Nishtar (Muslim League): Communications.

13. Ghazanfar Ali Khan (Muslim League): Health

14. Jogendra Nath Mandal (Muslim League): Law

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Young fold mountains of the world
●Himalayas - Asia
●Rockies mountain - North America
●Andes - South America
●Alps - Europe
●Atlas - Africa

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TYPES OF DEFICIT
•Budget Deficit: Public Receipts, Public Expenditure

•Revenue Deficit: Revenue Receipts, Revenue Expenditure

•Fiscal Deficit: Revenue Deficit+InterestPayment

•Monetised Deficit: Monetised deficit indicates the level of support extended by the RBI to the government’s borrowing programme by way of printing of new money.

•Primary Deficit: Fiscal Deficit - Interest Payment

•Effective Revenue Deficit: Revenue Deficit - Productive Expenditure (grants which the Union Government gives to the state Governments for Creation of capital Assets) = Effective Revenue Deficit.

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Different shapes of recovery
•K-shaped recovery occurs when, following a recession, different parts of the economy recover at different rates, times, or magnitudes. 

•V-shaped recovery, an economy that has suffered a sharp economic decline experiences a fast and strong rebound

•W-shaped recovery, which is also called a “double dip”, means the economy picks up only to fall again and then starts rising

•L-shaped recovery is characterised by a slow rate of recovery, with persistent unemployment and stagnant economic growth

•J-shaped recovery: It is a somewhat unrealistic scenario, in which growth rises sharply from the lows much higher than the trend-line and stays there.

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FCRA registration
FCRA registration is mandatory for NGOs to receive foreign funds.
Registered NGOs can receive foreign contributions for the 5 purposes
-social
-educational
-religious
-economic
-cultural.

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Some specialised agencies of the UN & their functions:
•United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organ isation (UNESCO) - To promote collaboration among nations in the field of education, science and culture.

•World Health Organisation (WHO)- To improve the physical and mental health of all.

•The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)- To provide help to chil dren in need regardless of their race and religion. It works in the fields of health, nutrition and education.

•International Labour Organisation- To promote social justice and to improve condi tions of labourers.

• Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) - To fight poverty, malnu trition and hunger in the world.

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The questions are of 3 kinds:
• A starred question (distinguished by an asterisk) requires - an oral answer and hence supplementary questions can follow.

• An unstarred question requires - a written answer and hence, supplementary questions cannot follow.

• A short notice question is one that is asked by giving a notice of less than ten days. It is answered orally.

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Following were the major committees and their chairmen:
1. Union Powers Committee - Jawaharlal Nehru

2. Union Constitution Committee - Jawaharlal Nehru

3. Provincial Constitution Committee - Sardar Patel

4. Drafting Committee - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

5. Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas - Sardar Patel.

6. Rules of Procedure Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad

7. States Committee (Committee for Negotiating with States) - Jawaharlal Nehru

8. Steering Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad

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Four types of Veto are:
(1) Absolute veto: Withholding of assent to the bill passed by the legislature.

(2) Qualified veto: This can be overridden by the legislature with a higher majority.

(3) Suspensive veto: This can be overridden by the legislature with an ordinary majority. This doesn't exist for money bills. The President can either give his assent to a money bill or withhold his assent to a money bill but cannot return it for the reconsideration of the Parliament.

(4) Pocket veto: Taking no action on the bill passed by the legislature.

•Of the above four, the President of India is vested with 3: absolute veto, suspensive veto and pocket veto.

•There is no qualified veto in the case of Indian President; it is possessed by the American President.

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Central Information Commission
•The Central Information Commission consists of a Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten Information Commissioners.
•They are appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee consisting of-
- the Prime Minister as Chairperson,
- the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and
- a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.

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A party is recognised as a national party if any of the following conditions is fulfilled:

• If it secures 6% of valid votes polled in any 4 or more states at a general election to the Lok Sabha or to the legislative assembly; and, in addition, it wins 4 seats in the Lok Sabha from any state or states; or

• If it wins 2% of seats in the Lok Sabha at a general election; and these candidates are elected from 3 states; or

• If it is recognised as a state party in 4 states.

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Committees related to Civil Services reforms-
1. Baswan Committee
2. Y.K. Alagh Committee
3. Hota Committee

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Nomadic Tribes of Tundra region

The lowland in the arctic region with few months ice free condition is tundra region. Since conditions are severe and resources are scarce majority of tribes in the region are nomadic like:

1. Lapps: Northern Finland

2. Somoyeds: Siberia, from Ural mountains to Yenisey basin

3. Yakuts: Lena basin of Eastern Russia

4. Chuckchi: North-eastern part of Siberis

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The Human Development Index (HDI) by UNDP uses the following components:
• Life expectancy at birth
• Mean of years of schooling for adults aged 25 years
• Expected years of schooling for children of school entering age
• GNI per capita (PPP$)

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Local Name : Soil
1. Regur: Black Soil

2. Usara : Saline Soil

3. Kari : Peaty Soil
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Important terms from Geography
1. Fazenda: A coffee plantation in Brazil

2. Ranches: Large scale farms where animals are bred and reared on commercial scale

3. Quarry: An open air excavation from which stone is obtained by cutting, blasting, etc.

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Different shapes of recovery
•K-shaped recovery occurs when, following a recession, different parts of the economy recover at different rates, times, or magnitudes.

•V-shaped recovery, an economy that has suffered a sharp economic decline experiences a fast and strong rebound

•W-shaped recovery, which is also called a “double dip”, means the economy picks up only to fall again and then starts rising

•L-shaped recovery is characterised by a slow rate of recovery, with persistent unemployment and stagnant economic growth

•J-shaped recovery: It is a somewhat unrealistic scenario, in which growth rises sharply from the lows much higher than the trend-line and stays there.

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Swaccha Bharat Mission
• ODF+ focuses on toilets with water, maintenance and hygiene
• ODF++ focuses on toilets with sludge and septage management.
• Water Plus aims to sustain toilets by treating and reuse of water

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Different shapes of recovery
•K-shaped recovery occurs when, following a recession, different parts of the economy recover at different rates, times, or magnitudes. 

•V-shaped recovery, an economy that has suffered a sharp economic decline experiences a fast and strong rebound

•W-shaped recovery, which is also called a “double dip”, means the economy picks up only to fall again and then starts rising

•L-shaped recovery is characterised by a slow rate of recovery, with persistent unemployment and stagnant economic growth

•J-shaped recovery: It is a somewhat unrealistic scenario, in which growth rises sharply from the lows much higher than the trend-line and stays there.

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TYPES OF DEFICIT
•Budget Deficit: Public Receipts, Public Expenditure

•Revenue Deficit: Revenue Receipts, Revenue Expenditure

•Fiscal Deficit: Revenue Deficit+InterestPayment

•Monetised Deficit: Monetised deficit indicates the level of support extended by the RBI to the government’s borrowing programme by way of printing of new money.

•Primary Deficit: Fiscal Deficit - Interest Payment

•Effective Revenue Deficit: Revenue Deficit - Productive Expenditure (grants which the Union Government gives to the state Governments for Creation of capital Assets) = Effective Revenue Deficit.

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