IVC Main features
Harappa:
●Coffin burial
●Granary outside the fort
●Phallus worship evidence
●Mother goddess
●Workmen's quarters
Kalibangan:
●Lower fortified town Fire Altar
●Boustrophedon style
●Wooden drainage
●Copper ox
●Evidence of earthquake
●Wooden plough
●Camel's bone
Lothal:
●Port Town
●Evidence of Rice
●Graveyard
●Ivory weight balance
●Double burial Copper dog
Chanhudaro:
●Bead making and Bangle factory
●Ink pot
●Only city without citadel
●Carts with seated driver
Banawali:
●Oval shaped settlement
●Only city with radial streets
●Largest number of barley grains
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Harappa:
●Coffin burial
●Granary outside the fort
●Phallus worship evidence
●Mother goddess
●Workmen's quarters
Kalibangan:
●Lower fortified town Fire Altar
●Boustrophedon style
●Wooden drainage
●Copper ox
●Evidence of earthquake
●Wooden plough
●Camel's bone
Lothal:
●Port Town
●Evidence of Rice
●Graveyard
●Ivory weight balance
●Double burial Copper dog
Chanhudaro:
●Bead making and Bangle factory
●Ink pot
●Only city without citadel
●Carts with seated driver
Banawali:
●Oval shaped settlement
●Only city with radial streets
●Largest number of barley grains
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Conspiracy Cases
●Muzzafarpur Conspiracy Case: Attempt on Kingsford, Judge of Muzaffarpur, by Prafful Chaki & Khudi Ram Bose in 1908.
●Delhi Conspiracy Case: In 1911, Sanchin Sanyal and Rash Behari Bose were accused of attempting to assassinate Lord Hardinge.
●Lahore Conspiracy Case: Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Raj Guru assassinated Saunders, a police official, at Lahore to avenge Lala Lajpat Rai's death in 1928.
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●Muzzafarpur Conspiracy Case: Attempt on Kingsford, Judge of Muzaffarpur, by Prafful Chaki & Khudi Ram Bose in 1908.
●Delhi Conspiracy Case: In 1911, Sanchin Sanyal and Rash Behari Bose were accused of attempting to assassinate Lord Hardinge.
●Lahore Conspiracy Case: Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Raj Guru assassinated Saunders, a police official, at Lahore to avenge Lala Lajpat Rai's death in 1928.
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Pillar Edicts of Ashoka
●Allahabad-Kosam
●Delhi – Topra - transported to Delhi by Firozshah Tughlaq
●Lauriya Nandangarh
●Lauriya – Araraj
●Rampurva
●Kandahar
● Nigali-Sagar
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●Allahabad-Kosam
●Delhi – Topra - transported to Delhi by Firozshah Tughlaq
●Lauriya Nandangarh
●Lauriya – Araraj
●Rampurva
●Kandahar
● Nigali-Sagar
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Announcement
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Team UPSC Super Simplified is planning to start 8 months Daily Answer Writing Program for 2023 students. Interested candidates can fill following Google form-
https://forms.gle/r3QGNVQmWuoGQXkKA
Thanks & Best Regards,
@dr_gjsontake
●Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya: Mahamana
●Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Lokmanya
●Rajendra Prasad: Desh Ratna
●Jayaprakash Narayan: Loknayak
●Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Lokmanya
●Rajendra Prasad: Desh Ratna
●Jayaprakash Narayan: Loknayak
Whitley Commision (1928):
●To report on existing conditions of labour in industrial undertakings and plantations in India on the basis of present working conditions, their health and hygiene and their capacity to work.
●Whitely proposed a system of regular formal consultative meetings between workers and employers to address industrial unrests, which evolved as wage negotiating bodies over time.
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There were 2 Hunter Commissions during colonial period, associated with:
(i) Jallianwala Bagh inquiry (1920), (ii) Educational reforms commission (1882), setup under Lord Ripon.
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Welby Commission (1900):
●For examining military and civil expenditures incurred and the apportionment of those charges between government of Britain and India.
●William Wedderburn and Dadabhai Naoroji were both members of this Commission.
●It said that Indian Office must be consulted regarding charges affecting India and that India's payment to England should be tied to a fixed exchange rate.
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●To report on existing conditions of labour in industrial undertakings and plantations in India on the basis of present working conditions, their health and hygiene and their capacity to work.
●Whitely proposed a system of regular formal consultative meetings between workers and employers to address industrial unrests, which evolved as wage negotiating bodies over time.
--------------------------------------------------------
There were 2 Hunter Commissions during colonial period, associated with:
(i) Jallianwala Bagh inquiry (1920), (ii) Educational reforms commission (1882), setup under Lord Ripon.
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Welby Commission (1900):
●For examining military and civil expenditures incurred and the apportionment of those charges between government of Britain and India.
●William Wedderburn and Dadabhai Naoroji were both members of this Commission.
●It said that Indian Office must be consulted regarding charges affecting India and that India's payment to England should be tied to a fixed exchange rate.
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Azamgarh Proclamation/Manifesto
●Azamgarh Proclamation/Manifesto was published in the Delhi Gazette in 1857. The author was most probably Firoz Shah, a grandson of the Mughal Emperor, who fought against the British in Lucknow and Awadh (Oudh). It called upon the Indians of all classes and religions to rise up against the faithless English.
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Carlyle Circular
●During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, the British crackdown on student picketers through measures like the Carlyle Circular threatening withdrawal of grants, scholarships and affiliation from nationalist dominated institutions led to a movement for boycott of official educational institutions and organisation of national schools.
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Cunningham Circular
●In Assam, during the Civil Disobedience Movement, the infamous 'Cunningham Circular' forced students and their guardians to furnish assurances of good behaviour, and banned participation in politics. A powerful agitation, led by students, was launched against this, and 3117 (out of 15,186) Govt-school pupils left their institutions.
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●Azamgarh Proclamation/Manifesto was published in the Delhi Gazette in 1857. The author was most probably Firoz Shah, a grandson of the Mughal Emperor, who fought against the British in Lucknow and Awadh (Oudh). It called upon the Indians of all classes and religions to rise up against the faithless English.
------------------------------------------
Carlyle Circular
●During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, the British crackdown on student picketers through measures like the Carlyle Circular threatening withdrawal of grants, scholarships and affiliation from nationalist dominated institutions led to a movement for boycott of official educational institutions and organisation of national schools.
------------------------------------------
Cunningham Circular
●In Assam, during the Civil Disobedience Movement, the infamous 'Cunningham Circular' forced students and their guardians to furnish assurances of good behaviour, and banned participation in politics. A powerful agitation, led by students, was launched against this, and 3117 (out of 15,186) Govt-school pupils left their institutions.
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Bharat Stree Mahamandal
In 1910 in Lahore, Sarala Devi Chaudhurani (niece of Rabindranatha Tagore) organised the 'Bharat Stree Mahamandal', 1st all-India women's organisation. One of the primary goals of the organisation was to promote female education.
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Mahila Rashtriya Sangh
'Mahila Rashtriya Sangh' was the 1st organisation established in India with the aim of engaging women in political activism. It was formed in Chittagong in 1928 by Latika Ghosh, upon the instigation of S.C. Bose. It was born out of Latika's efforts to organise resistance to the Simon Commission. The Sangha was composed of Shakti mandirs, or working cells, which campaigned to raise consciousness among the women of Bengal.
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Women's Indian Association
Women's Indian Association was started in 1917 at Adyar (Madras) by enlightened European & Indian ladies: Margaret Cousins, Annie Besant, Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy, Sister Subbalaskmi and Sarojini Naidu, who referred to themselves as the "daughters of India". WIA battled against the social evils: lack of education of girls, child marriage, and the denial of voting rights. They also published an English monthly journal, 'Stri-Dharma'.
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In 1910 in Lahore, Sarala Devi Chaudhurani (niece of Rabindranatha Tagore) organised the 'Bharat Stree Mahamandal', 1st all-India women's organisation. One of the primary goals of the organisation was to promote female education.
------------------------------------------
Mahila Rashtriya Sangh
'Mahila Rashtriya Sangh' was the 1st organisation established in India with the aim of engaging women in political activism. It was formed in Chittagong in 1928 by Latika Ghosh, upon the instigation of S.C. Bose. It was born out of Latika's efforts to organise resistance to the Simon Commission. The Sangha was composed of Shakti mandirs, or working cells, which campaigned to raise consciousness among the women of Bengal.
------------------------------------------
Women's Indian Association
Women's Indian Association was started in 1917 at Adyar (Madras) by enlightened European & Indian ladies: Margaret Cousins, Annie Besant, Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy, Sister Subbalaskmi and Sarojini Naidu, who referred to themselves as the "daughters of India". WIA battled against the social evils: lack of education of girls, child marriage, and the denial of voting rights. They also published an English monthly journal, 'Stri-Dharma'.
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Forwarded from Dr. Gaurav J. Sontake
Majority of questions repeated directly or indirectly from our Mains Answer Writing Program in CSE Mains, 2021 (Click to check)
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✅Copy evaluation within 24 hrs
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✅Contact- 7827779142/ 84670 62724
7 rules "essential for every Satyagrahi in India":
Gandhiji listed 7 rules as "essential for every Satyagrahi in India":
• must have a living faith in God
• must believe in truth and non-violence and have faith in the inherent goodness of human nature which he expects to evoke by suffering in the satyagraha effort
• must be leading a chaste life, and be willing to die or lose all his possessions
• must be a habitual khadi wearer and spinner
• must abstain from alcohol and other intoxicants
• must willingly carry out all the rules of discipline that are issued
• must obey the jail rules unless they are specially devised to hurt his selfrespect
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Gandhiji listed 7 rules as "essential for every Satyagrahi in India":
• must have a living faith in God
• must believe in truth and non-violence and have faith in the inherent goodness of human nature which he expects to evoke by suffering in the satyagraha effort
• must be leading a chaste life, and be willing to die or lose all his possessions
• must be a habitual khadi wearer and spinner
• must abstain from alcohol and other intoxicants
• must willingly carry out all the rules of discipline that are issued
• must obey the jail rules unless they are specially devised to hurt his selfrespect
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Confusing history facts
There were two 'Young India's:
(1) 'Young India' launched by Jamnadas Dwarkadas, Shankerlal Banker and Indulal Yagnik. Gandhiji published it in English (weekly) from 1919 to 1931.
(2) 'Young India', a monthly journal by Lala Lajpat Rai, when he was in exile in USA.
●'New India' by Annie Besant: She purchased 'Madras Standard' in 1914, and renamed it 'New India'
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There were two 'Young India's:
(1) 'Young India' launched by Jamnadas Dwarkadas, Shankerlal Banker and Indulal Yagnik. Gandhiji published it in English (weekly) from 1919 to 1931.
(2) 'Young India', a monthly journal by Lala Lajpat Rai, when he was in exile in USA.
●'New India' by Annie Besant: She purchased 'Madras Standard' in 1914, and renamed it 'New India'
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Ambedkar & Organisations:
●In 1924, 'Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha' was formed by Dr. Ambedkar for removing difficulties of the untouchables and placing their grievances before govt.
●In 1930, Dr. Ambedkar at a conference in Nagpur, founded 'All India Depressed Classes Congress' with a clear anti-Congress agenda.
●He formed the 'Independent Labour Party' (ILP) in 1936, which participated in the provincial elections of Bombay and won 11 out of 15 seats reserved for Scheduled Castes.
●ILP was transformed by Ambedkar as the 'All India Scheduled Castes Federation' in 1942, with its constitution claiming the dalits to be "distinct and separate from the Hindus". It was a political party which participated in the general elections of 1946 but was completely defeated, wining only 2 of the 151 reserved seats for the dalits.
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●In 1924, 'Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha' was formed by Dr. Ambedkar for removing difficulties of the untouchables and placing their grievances before govt.
●In 1930, Dr. Ambedkar at a conference in Nagpur, founded 'All India Depressed Classes Congress' with a clear anti-Congress agenda.
●He formed the 'Independent Labour Party' (ILP) in 1936, which participated in the provincial elections of Bombay and won 11 out of 15 seats reserved for Scheduled Castes.
●ILP was transformed by Ambedkar as the 'All India Scheduled Castes Federation' in 1942, with its constitution claiming the dalits to be "distinct and separate from the Hindus". It was a political party which participated in the general elections of 1946 but was completely defeated, wining only 2 of the 151 reserved seats for the dalits.
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Famous trials & Charges
1. Bahadur Shah Zafar, January 27, 1858 to March 9, 1858 in Red Fort (Delhi)
- treason, conspiracy, rebellion and murder in 1857 revolt
2. Surendranath Banerjea; May 4-5, 1883 in Calcutta High Court
- contempt of court, on his remarks in The Bengalee
3. Bal Gangadhar Tilak; 1897, 1908, 1916
- provocative articles in Kesari
4. Aurobindo Ghosh and 37 others in Alipore Bombay Case Trial; 1908-1909
- attempt to murder district judge of Muzaffarpur
5. V.D. Savarkar; 1910 and January 1911
- delivering infuriating speeches against British and procuring and distributing arms
6. Gandhi and Shankarlal Banker (publisher of Young India); 1922
- four inflammatory articles against the British in Young India
7. 31 communists in the Meerut Conspiracy Case; March 1929
- conspiracy against the British
8. Bhagat Singh; June 1929 July 1929
- throwing a bomb in Central Assembly killing police head constable, Saunders
9. M.N. Roy; 1931-1932
- conspiracy and sedition
10. Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sehgal and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon in the INA trials; 1945 at Red Fort, Delhi
- waging war by murdering or abetment of murder
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1. Bahadur Shah Zafar, January 27, 1858 to March 9, 1858 in Red Fort (Delhi)
- treason, conspiracy, rebellion and murder in 1857 revolt
2. Surendranath Banerjea; May 4-5, 1883 in Calcutta High Court
- contempt of court, on his remarks in The Bengalee
3. Bal Gangadhar Tilak; 1897, 1908, 1916
- provocative articles in Kesari
4. Aurobindo Ghosh and 37 others in Alipore Bombay Case Trial; 1908-1909
- attempt to murder district judge of Muzaffarpur
5. V.D. Savarkar; 1910 and January 1911
- delivering infuriating speeches against British and procuring and distributing arms
6. Gandhi and Shankarlal Banker (publisher of Young India); 1922
- four inflammatory articles against the British in Young India
7. 31 communists in the Meerut Conspiracy Case; March 1929
- conspiracy against the British
8. Bhagat Singh; June 1929 July 1929
- throwing a bomb in Central Assembly killing police head constable, Saunders
9. M.N. Roy; 1931-1932
- conspiracy and sedition
10. Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sehgal and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon in the INA trials; 1945 at Red Fort, Delhi
- waging war by murdering or abetment of murder
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Delhi Sultanate Central Administration
Department - Head (Founded by)
●Diwan-i-Wizarat (Department of Finance) - wazir
●Diwan-i-Ariz (Military Department) - ariz-i-mumalik
●Diwan-i-Insha (Department of Correspondence) - dabir-imumalik
●Diwan-i-Risalat (Department of Appeals) - dabir-i-mulq
●Diwan-i-Mustakharaj (Department of Arrears) - founded by Alauddin khilji
●Diwan-i-Riyasat (Department of Commerce) - Rais-i-mumalik
●Diwan-i-Kohi (Department of Agriculture) - founded by MBT
●Diwan-i-Bandgan (Department of Slaves) - founded by Firoz Tughlaq
●Diwan-i-Khairat (Department of Charity) - founded by Firoz Tughlaq
●Diwan-i-Isthiaq (Department of Pensions) - founded by Firoz Tughlaq
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Department - Head (Founded by)
●Diwan-i-Wizarat (Department of Finance) - wazir
●Diwan-i-Ariz (Military Department) - ariz-i-mumalik
●Diwan-i-Insha (Department of Correspondence) - dabir-imumalik
●Diwan-i-Risalat (Department of Appeals) - dabir-i-mulq
●Diwan-i-Mustakharaj (Department of Arrears) - founded by Alauddin khilji
●Diwan-i-Riyasat (Department of Commerce) - Rais-i-mumalik
●Diwan-i-Kohi (Department of Agriculture) - founded by MBT
●Diwan-i-Bandgan (Department of Slaves) - founded by Firoz Tughlaq
●Diwan-i-Khairat (Department of Charity) - founded by Firoz Tughlaq
●Diwan-i-Isthiaq (Department of Pensions) - founded by Firoz Tughlaq
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Delhi Sultanate Provincial administration
Administrative Unit - Head
•Iqta (Province) - muqti or wali
•Shiq (district) - siqdar
•Paragana (taluka) - chaudhary and Amil
Gram (Village) - muqaddam, khut
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Administrative Unit - Head
•Iqta (Province) - muqti or wali
•Shiq (district) - siqdar
•Paragana (taluka) - chaudhary and Amil
Gram (Village) - muqaddam, khut
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Mughal Administration
•Mir Bakshi - Head of judiciary department
•Khan-i-Saman - Head of imperial household
•Mir Maal - Lord privy seal
•Mustaufi - Auditor general
•Mushriff - Revenue secretary
•Waqa-i-Navis - News reporter
•Mir Arz - In-charge of petitions
•Mir Tozak - Master of ceremonies
•Amul Guzar - Head of revenue administration in pa
•Bitakchi - Writer/record keeper
•Shiqdar - In-charge of law and order
•Nasq/kankut - Wherein estimate was made of the government officials
•Muqtai - Fixed revenue demand leased in cash
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•Mir Bakshi - Head of judiciary department
•Khan-i-Saman - Head of imperial household
•Mir Maal - Lord privy seal
•Mustaufi - Auditor general
•Mushriff - Revenue secretary
•Waqa-i-Navis - News reporter
•Mir Arz - In-charge of petitions
•Mir Tozak - Master of ceremonies
•Amul Guzar - Head of revenue administration in pa
•Bitakchi - Writer/record keeper
•Shiqdar - In-charge of law and order
•Nasq/kankut - Wherein estimate was made of the government officials
•Muqtai - Fixed revenue demand leased in cash
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Important Officials in Mauryan Administration:
•Sannidhata: Chief treasury officer
•Samaharta: collector general of revenue
•Pradeshika: modern district magistrates
•Sthanika: tax collecting officer under Pradeshika
•Durgapala: governor of fort
•Akshapatala: Accountant general
•Gopas: responsible for accountants etc.
•Nagaraka: incharge of city administration
•Sita-adhyaksha: Supervisor of agriculture
•Samastha-Adhyaksha: superintendent of market
•Navadhyaksha: Superintendent of ships
•Sulkaadhyaksha: Collector of tolls
•Lohadhyaksha: Superintendent of Iron
•Pradeshtris - officer responsible for the suppression of criminals
•Akaradhyaksha: Superintendent of mines
•Pauthavadhyaksha: Superintendent of weight and measures etc.
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•Sannidhata: Chief treasury officer
•Samaharta: collector general of revenue
•Pradeshika: modern district magistrates
•Sthanika: tax collecting officer under Pradeshika
•Durgapala: governor of fort
•Akshapatala: Accountant general
•Gopas: responsible for accountants etc.
•Nagaraka: incharge of city administration
•Sita-adhyaksha: Supervisor of agriculture
•Samastha-Adhyaksha: superintendent of market
•Navadhyaksha: Superintendent of ships
•Sulkaadhyaksha: Collector of tolls
•Lohadhyaksha: Superintendent of Iron
•Pradeshtris - officer responsible for the suppression of criminals
•Akaradhyaksha: Superintendent of mines
•Pauthavadhyaksha: Superintendent of weight and measures etc.
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