Tikhir Tribe:
✅It is one of the indigenous Naga tribes, found in Nagaland and in parts of the neighboring States. Some live across the border, in Myanmar also.
✅They speak a language called Naga Yimchungru, which is part of the Tibeto-Burman language family, like other Naga languages.
✅They make their living from agriculture and hunting. At one time, the Tikhir were headhunters and a man's prestige depended upon the number of enemies he had killed.
✅Headhunting was banned, and the last recorded incident took place in the 1960s.
📍Beliefs:
✅With the coming of the Christian missionaries to Nagaland, most Tikhirs converted to Christianity.
✅Many of the Tikhir practice elements of folk religion with their Christianity.
✅"Tsonglaknyi" the main Tikhir Festival, is observed from 9th to 12th October every year. It is basically a festival of the sanctification of Shield
#geography
✅It is one of the indigenous Naga tribes, found in Nagaland and in parts of the neighboring States. Some live across the border, in Myanmar also.
✅They speak a language called Naga Yimchungru, which is part of the Tibeto-Burman language family, like other Naga languages.
✅They make their living from agriculture and hunting. At one time, the Tikhir were headhunters and a man's prestige depended upon the number of enemies he had killed.
✅Headhunting was banned, and the last recorded incident took place in the 1960s.
📍Beliefs:
✅With the coming of the Christian missionaries to Nagaland, most Tikhirs converted to Christianity.
✅Many of the Tikhir practice elements of folk religion with their Christianity.
✅"Tsonglaknyi" the main Tikhir Festival, is observed from 9th to 12th October every year. It is basically a festival of the sanctification of Shield
#geography
“Scientists discover the largest coral colony on Earth in the Solomon Islands: Key insights on its size and age”
It’s the largest coral known to date. The coral is comparable in size to two basketball courts or five tennis courts.
Physical Characteristics:
1. It is lying at a depth of 40 feet below the surface. Its height (16 feet) indicates an estimated age of over 300 years.
2. It is visible from space due to its sheer size and striking colors.
3. It belongs to the Pavona clavus species. It is predominantly brown but includes vibrant hues of yellow, blue, and red.
4. It provides habitat, shelter, and breeding grounds for various marine species, including shrimp, crabs, and fish.
5. It has been compared to finding the world’s tallest tree due to its ecological importance.
join here for more#prelims #geography #prelims_facts
It’s the largest coral known to date. The coral is comparable in size to two basketball courts or five tennis courts.
Physical Characteristics:
1. It is lying at a depth of 40 feet below the surface. Its height (16 feet) indicates an estimated age of over 300 years.
2. It is visible from space due to its sheer size and striking colors.
3. It belongs to the Pavona clavus species. It is predominantly brown but includes vibrant hues of yellow, blue, and red.
4. It provides habitat, shelter, and breeding grounds for various marine species, including shrimp, crabs, and fish.
5. It has been compared to finding the world’s tallest tree due to its ecological importance.
join here for more#prelims #geography #prelims_facts
🔆La Niña?
✅La Niña is a phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) that occurs when sea surface temperatures in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean become cooler than usual.
✅It is the opposite of El Niño, which brings warming in the same region. Both phases significantly influence global weather patterns.
🔆How La Niña Affects Global Climate?
✅India: Promotes normal to above-normal monsoon rainfall, leading to better agricultural yields.
✅Africa: Causes drought-like conditions in certain regions.
✅Atlantic Ocean: Intensifies hurricanes.
✅United States: Southern states receive increased rainfall during La Niña.
📍La Niña and India’s Climate
Winter Effects:
✅Colder Winters: La Niña winters tend to bring colder nights in northern India but with slightly higher daytime temperatures.
✅Wind Speed and Pollution:
Higher Wind Speeds help disperse air pollution, improving air quality.
✅Lower Planetary Boundary Layer Height (PBLH) may trap pollutants closer to the ground, worsening pollution.
#geography
✅La Niña is a phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) that occurs when sea surface temperatures in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean become cooler than usual.
✅It is the opposite of El Niño, which brings warming in the same region. Both phases significantly influence global weather patterns.
🔆How La Niña Affects Global Climate?
✅India: Promotes normal to above-normal monsoon rainfall, leading to better agricultural yields.
✅Africa: Causes drought-like conditions in certain regions.
✅Atlantic Ocean: Intensifies hurricanes.
✅United States: Southern states receive increased rainfall during La Niña.
📍La Niña and India’s Climate
Winter Effects:
✅Colder Winters: La Niña winters tend to bring colder nights in northern India but with slightly higher daytime temperatures.
✅Wind Speed and Pollution:
Higher Wind Speeds help disperse air pollution, improving air quality.
✅Lower Planetary Boundary Layer Height (PBLH) may trap pollutants closer to the ground, worsening pollution.
#geography
Critical Minerals
✅A mineral is labelled as critical when the risk of supply shortage and associated impact on the economy is relatively higher than the other raw materials.
✅The risk of supply shortage would ideally capture import dependence, recycling potential, and substitutability of these minerals.
✅The Centre for Socio and Economic Progress (CSEP) in its paper “Assessing the Criticality of Minerals in India” (2023) evaluated the criticality of minerals in India based on two dimensions:
🔸economic importance for the Indian economy and
🔸supply risks.
#geography #UPSC #PSC
✅A mineral is labelled as critical when the risk of supply shortage and associated impact on the economy is relatively higher than the other raw materials.
✅The risk of supply shortage would ideally capture import dependence, recycling potential, and substitutability of these minerals.
✅The Centre for Socio and Economic Progress (CSEP) in its paper “Assessing the Criticality of Minerals in India” (2023) evaluated the criticality of minerals in India based on two dimensions:
🔸economic importance for the Indian economy and
🔸supply risks.
#geography #UPSC #PSC
🔆 Mount Etna: Europe's Largest Active Volcano
📍 Location:
✅ Mount Etna is located on the eastern coast of Sicily, Italy, near the city of Catania.
📍 Geological Significance:
✅ It is Europe's largest and most active stratovolcano, with a history of frequent eruptions spanning thousands of years.
✅ Formed at the convergence of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates, it is a prominent feature of the Mediterranean tectonic zone.
📍 Recent Eruption (2025):
✅ On Friday, Mount Etna erupted, spewing lava, ash, and smoke into the sky.
✅ The eruption forced the closure of Catania Airport as ash disrupted airspace and the surrounding areas.
📍 Tourism & Cultural Importance:
✅ Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Mount Etna attracts millions of visitors annually for its geological and cultural significance.
📍 Global Connection:
✅ Mount Etna highlights the importance of monitoring active volcanoes worldwide to minimize risks and study Earth's dynamic processes.
#Geography #Disaster_Management #mapping
📍 Location:
✅ Mount Etna is located on the eastern coast of Sicily, Italy, near the city of Catania.
📍 Geological Significance:
✅ It is Europe's largest and most active stratovolcano, with a history of frequent eruptions spanning thousands of years.
✅ Formed at the convergence of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates, it is a prominent feature of the Mediterranean tectonic zone.
📍 Recent Eruption (2025):
✅ On Friday, Mount Etna erupted, spewing lava, ash, and smoke into the sky.
✅ The eruption forced the closure of Catania Airport as ash disrupted airspace and the surrounding areas.
📍 Tourism & Cultural Importance:
✅ Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Mount Etna attracts millions of visitors annually for its geological and cultural significance.
📍 Global Connection:
✅ Mount Etna highlights the importance of monitoring active volcanoes worldwide to minimize risks and study Earth's dynamic processes.
#Geography #Disaster_Management #mapping
◾️Deccan Volcanism, a major event of volcanic eruptions which occurred ~66 million years ago and led to mass extinctions of fauna, did not have such negative impact on tropical flora, says a new study.
◾️A study by Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP), an autonomous institute of Department of Science and Technology, suggests that despite highly devastating consequences for terrestrial faunas (dinosaurs, in particular), the Deccan Volcanism only caused regional and short-term impacts on the flora.
#UPSC #PSC #geography #prelims
◾️A study by Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP), an autonomous institute of Department of Science and Technology, suggests that despite highly devastating consequences for terrestrial faunas (dinosaurs, in particular), the Deccan Volcanism only caused regional and short-term impacts on the flora.
#UPSC #PSC #geography #prelims
🔳 India became the 7th largest coffee producer in the world
◼️The exports reached $1.29 billion in the last financial year.
◼️This is almost double the exports of $719 million in 2020-21, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry said in a release.
◼️The ministry also said that India exported over 9,300 tonnes of coffee in the first half of this month, with Italy, Belgium and Russia being the top buyers.
◼️ Karnataka leads in coffee production, contributing 248,000 metric tonnes in 2022-23, followed by Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
#UPSC #PSC #prelims #currentaffairs #geography
◼️The exports reached $1.29 billion in the last financial year.
◼️This is almost double the exports of $719 million in 2020-21, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry said in a release.
◼️The ministry also said that India exported over 9,300 tonnes of coffee in the first half of this month, with Italy, Belgium and Russia being the top buyers.
◼️ Karnataka leads in coffee production, contributing 248,000 metric tonnes in 2022-23, followed by Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
#UPSC #PSC #prelims #currentaffairs #geography
🔆 Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb Islands
📍 Location
✅ The Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb islands are located in the eastern Persian Gulf, near the Strait of Hormuz, a vital global trade route.
✅ Abu Musa is another strategically important island in the region.
📍 Recent Context
✅ Iran has summoned China's ambassador to protest a joint China-UAE statement regarding the sovereignty of these islands.
✅ Iran has held control over these islands since 1971, a move that has been contested by the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
📍 Significance
✅ Strategic Importance: Proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, through which 20% of global oil supply passes.
✅ Geopolitical Tensions: Sovereignty disputes highlight the region's sensitive geopolitical dynamics.
📍 Current Status
✅ Despite claims by the UAE, the islands remain under Iranian control, adding to the complexity of regional diplomacy.
#UPSC #PSC #currentaffairs #prelims #geography
📍 Location
✅ The Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb islands are located in the eastern Persian Gulf, near the Strait of Hormuz, a vital global trade route.
✅ Abu Musa is another strategically important island in the region.
📍 Recent Context
✅ Iran has summoned China's ambassador to protest a joint China-UAE statement regarding the sovereignty of these islands.
✅ Iran has held control over these islands since 1971, a move that has been contested by the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
📍 Significance
✅ Strategic Importance: Proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, through which 20% of global oil supply passes.
✅ Geopolitical Tensions: Sovereignty disputes highlight the region's sensitive geopolitical dynamics.
📍 Current Status
✅ Despite claims by the UAE, the islands remain under Iranian control, adding to the complexity of regional diplomacy.
#UPSC #PSC #currentaffairs #prelims #geography
Bhil Tribe:
✅Bhils are considered as one of the oldest tribes in India.
✅They are the most widely distributed tribal groups in India.
✅The name 'Bhil' is derived from the word villu or billu, which according to the Dravidian language is known as Bow.
✅They could be identified as one of the Dravidian racial tribes of Western India and belong to the Australoid group of tribes.
Distribution:
✅They are mainly divided into two main groups: the Central and Eastern or Rajput Bhils.
✅The Central Bhils are found in the mountain regions in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan.
✅Bhils are also found in the north eastern parts of Tripura.
✅Occupation: Nearly all of the Bhil engage in agriculture, some using the slash-and-burn (jhum) method but most employing the ploughs.
✅Language: They speak Bhili, which is an Indo Aryan language.
#geography
✅Bhils are considered as one of the oldest tribes in India.
✅They are the most widely distributed tribal groups in India.
✅The name 'Bhil' is derived from the word villu or billu, which according to the Dravidian language is known as Bow.
✅They could be identified as one of the Dravidian racial tribes of Western India and belong to the Australoid group of tribes.
Distribution:
✅They are mainly divided into two main groups: the Central and Eastern or Rajput Bhils.
✅The Central Bhils are found in the mountain regions in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan.
✅Bhils are also found in the north eastern parts of Tripura.
✅Occupation: Nearly all of the Bhil engage in agriculture, some using the slash-and-burn (jhum) method but most employing the ploughs.
✅Language: They speak Bhili, which is an Indo Aryan language.
#geography
🔆Tidal Flooding
✅Tidal flooding, also known as “nuisance flooding” or “sunny day flooding,” happens when high tides cause water levels to rise and flood low-lying coastal areas.
✅Causes: Changes in prevailing winds, shifts in ocean currents, and strong tidal forces (which occur during full or new moon) can all cause high tide flooding.
✅High tide flooding falls into three levels of severity: minor, moderate, and major.
📍Concerns:
✅Tidal flooding disrupts daily life by flooding roads and services, damages infrastructure, and causes economic losses for businesses.
✅It accelerates coastal erosion, harms habitats, and contaminates freshwater supplies with saltwater.
✅Repeated flooding forces communities to relocate.
✅Over time, rising sea levels due to climate change will make tidal flooding more frequent and severe.
#geography
✅Tidal flooding, also known as “nuisance flooding” or “sunny day flooding,” happens when high tides cause water levels to rise and flood low-lying coastal areas.
✅Causes: Changes in prevailing winds, shifts in ocean currents, and strong tidal forces (which occur during full or new moon) can all cause high tide flooding.
✅High tide flooding falls into three levels of severity: minor, moderate, and major.
📍Concerns:
✅Tidal flooding disrupts daily life by flooding roads and services, damages infrastructure, and causes economic losses for businesses.
✅It accelerates coastal erosion, harms habitats, and contaminates freshwater supplies with saltwater.
✅Repeated flooding forces communities to relocate.
✅Over time, rising sea levels due to climate change will make tidal flooding more frequent and severe.
#geography
#Geography #Placesinnews #IR
✅What is happening in DRC?
🅾️Hutu-Tutsi Conflict: Longstanding ethnic struggle dating back to colonial rule under Germany & Belgium, where Tutsis were given administrative dominance.
🅾️1959 Revolution: Hutus revolted against Tutsi rule, leading to longstanding tensions.
🅾️1994 Rwandan Genocide: Triggered by the assassination of Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana (a Hutu); led to mass killings of Tutsis and moderate Hutus.
🅾️M23 Origins: Named after March 23, 2009 peace deal, which they claim was violated by the DRC government.
🔰Great Barrier Border: Strategic location for cross-border insurgency.
✅What is happening in DRC?
🅾️Hutu-Tutsi Conflict: Longstanding ethnic struggle dating back to colonial rule under Germany & Belgium, where Tutsis were given administrative dominance.
🅾️1959 Revolution: Hutus revolted against Tutsi rule, leading to longstanding tensions.
🅾️1994 Rwandan Genocide: Triggered by the assassination of Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana (a Hutu); led to mass killings of Tutsis and moderate Hutus.
🅾️M23 Origins: Named after March 23, 2009 peace deal, which they claim was violated by the DRC government.
🔰Great Barrier Border: Strategic location for cross-border insurgency.
🔆Musi River:
✅It is a river that flows through the southern Indian state of Telangana. It is a tributary of the Krishna River.
📍Course:
✅It begins in the Anantagiri Hills near Vicarabad, Rangareddi district, 90 kilometers to the west of Hyderabad
✅It joins the Krishna River near Wazirabad in Nalgonda district.
✅Dams: Himayat Sagar and Osman Sagar are the two dams that are constructed over the river.
✅Hyderabad stands on the bank of this river, which divides the city between the old and the new.
#prelims
#geography
#Places_in_news
✅It is a river that flows through the southern Indian state of Telangana. It is a tributary of the Krishna River.
📍Course:
✅It begins in the Anantagiri Hills near Vicarabad, Rangareddi district, 90 kilometers to the west of Hyderabad
✅It joins the Krishna River near Wazirabad in Nalgonda district.
✅Dams: Himayat Sagar and Osman Sagar are the two dams that are constructed over the river.
✅Hyderabad stands on the bank of this river, which divides the city between the old and the new.
#prelims
#geography
#Places_in_news
🔆Yellow Sea:
✅Also referred to in China as Huang Hai and in North and South Korea as the West Sea, Yellow Sea is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean.
✅It is positioned to the north of the East China Sea.
✅It is bordered by mainland China in the north and west and by North Korea and South Korea in the east.
✅The sea was named for the yellowish sand particles originating from the Gobi Desert that descend on the surface of the sea, thereby giving it a golden yellow color.
✅It measures about 960 km from north to south and some 700 km from its east to west.
✅The sea is one of the world’s largest portions of continental shelf submerged in water.
✅Climate: It is characterized by very cold, dry winters and wet, warm summers.
✅Major rivers discharging directly into the Yellow Sea include the Han, Yangtze, Datung, Yalu, Guang, and Sheyang.
#prelims
#geography
#Places_in_news
@gameoftoppers
✅Also referred to in China as Huang Hai and in North and South Korea as the West Sea, Yellow Sea is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean.
✅It is positioned to the north of the East China Sea.
✅It is bordered by mainland China in the north and west and by North Korea and South Korea in the east.
✅The sea was named for the yellowish sand particles originating from the Gobi Desert that descend on the surface of the sea, thereby giving it a golden yellow color.
✅It measures about 960 km from north to south and some 700 km from its east to west.
✅The sea is one of the world’s largest portions of continental shelf submerged in water.
✅Climate: It is characterized by very cold, dry winters and wet, warm summers.
✅Major rivers discharging directly into the Yellow Sea include the Han, Yangtze, Datung, Yalu, Guang, and Sheyang.
#prelims
#geography
#Places_in_news
@gameoftoppers
CLOUD BURST
WHAT CAUSES CLOUDBURSTS?
Cloudbursts occur only via orographic lift, i.e.,
a situation when a warm air parcel mixes with cooler air,
resulting in sudden condensation.
#prelims #geography #GS1
WHAT CAUSES CLOUDBURSTS?
Cloudbursts occur only via orographic lift, i.e.,
a situation when a warm air parcel mixes with cooler air,
resulting in sudden condensation.
#prelims #geography #GS1