Around the world, more and more people today are living in urban areas. Why is this? What problems does this cause?

Rural-to-urban migration has become a prevalent phenomenon these days. While better public and living facilities, and higher chance of getting a competitive salary can be the major contributors to urbanization, I think this may pose a number of serious issues, such as different forms of pollution, increased crime rates, and social inequality.

It is a common perception to consider cities as a great place to live in, and there are several factors to take into consideration. Advanced public services are probably the utmost drive behind this migration since cities can offer a wide range of high standardized facilities. Better educational opportunities with the proliferation of newly-built schooling institutions along with far advanced medical access naturally make the life in cities much more appealing than living in countrysides, areas where it is challenging to find a decent educational or medical establishment. Economic chances also play an inevitable role before moving to cities from rural areas. It is generally far easier to find highly-paid jobs, and make a good amount of money within a relatively short period of time.

Additionally, the design of modern cities, in other words infrastructure they have, should also be given attention, for basic facilities, such as roads, bridges and other utilities, make cities stand out to choose to reside in. Not having to be able to enjoy such necessities in rural areas, people develop an inclination to living in cities. Apart from that, industrialization bears another weight. thanks to it, city dwellers tend to have much hectic lifestyles, and that is what most people moving to urban areas chase, as most of these people are highly likely to put up with the slow pace in countryside, they might like a higher rhythm.

However, a huge flow into urban areas can breed some serious problems which can be difficult to deal with. Overpopulation may result in the rise in cost of living, housing accommodation prices can basically soar. This growth consequently leads recently-come people to confronting trouble to find an appropriate place to live in; because of housing shortages and not having enough money to afford a decent accommodation, people unintentionally go for slums - a big threat to cities. This will certainly make people anxious and tense, and people can commit crimes to make a living, contributing to the rise in crime rate.

More alarmingly, the adversity of overpopulation can also be seen in pollution. When there are excessively a lot of people, this will cause traffic congestion, as a result of which air pollution gets worsened. Not only air pollution, but it can also breed noise and light pollution, the former emerging naturally owing to the large number of people, and the latter happening to enlighten nights. Little awareness do people have on how much strain on infrastructure they can cause, potentially leading to waste management problems. All these will eventually bring about worsened public health, and there might even be urban sprawls at the end.

In conclusion, although public and financial benefits may incentivize urban people to moving to cities, it can be an antithesis of this by creating issues in housing and crime along with general welfare of people.

word count: 525 words
time: 45 minutes

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The line graph compares the number of Indian and Chinese populations from 2000 with the predictions till 2050. Overall, both countries’ figures rose and are predicted to grow, albeit at varying degrees. Although China had a bigger population in the beginning, Indian figure has showed, and is expected to show an exponential growth, therefore outnumbering the Chinese one at the end.

The number of Chinese population had stood at around 1.25 billion before experiencing an increase by about 0.2 billion in 2020. Reaching 1.45 billion - the highest point for China, the population projection for China will undergo a plateau for a decade, after which there will be a population decline, and the final figure for people in China will have been at sharp 1.4 billion by 2050.

Unlike China, a population surge was seen and is expected to continue in the figure of people in India; it had a lot smaller number initially - 1.0 billion. However, from this point, this number soared, and is forecasted to keep the pace, outnumbering the very figure for China in 2030, and marking the ultimate 1.6 billion.

word count: 185 words
time: less than 15 minutes

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The line graph shows the number of immigrants to the UK with three intended length of stay between 2000 and 2008, and the accompanying pie chart compares the purposes people coming in 2008 had.

Overall, the patterns for the staying period in all categories did not change at all, but the figure for the shortest timeframe visits - not more than 2 years, which showed a rising trend in the beginning only. While education and employment were the biggest reasons to come in 2008, the rest had relatively small percentages.

The number of people visiting the UK with 3 desired timelines showed a plateau. Having started the period at 150 in 2001, the number of people coming for up to 2 years had increased by 100 before it stagnated at 250 in 2008. The figure for people with the intention of staying for more than 4 years stayed the same throughout the span - 150. A slight growth was the case for the number for the last group, who came to the UK for 2-4 years; it rose to 100 from initial 50.

Coming to the migrational purposes in 2008, the major part came with work or study incentives. While the percentage for employment was 38% - the largest reason, education's share was lower by 6% than that of work, which was, in turn, double of the share for family joining. The rest two, others and purposeless immigrants, shared the same proportions at 7%.

Time: 21 minutes (21:47-22:08)

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Nowadays, more and more older people who need employment have to compete with younger people for the same jobs. What problems does this cause? What are the solutions?

Job market has become intensely competitive with the advent of different unique skills. Senior people, therefore, are required to be able to contend with their younger counterparts in order to be employed. While this trend is bound to bring about several severe issues such as isolation of the elderly, skill obsolescence along with reduced productivity and job availability, it can effectively be addressed by governmental incentives as well as age-inclusive policies with age-friendly mentorship programs.

A number of problems might emerge due to older people trying to retain their jobs competing with youngsters. Today’s labor marker dynamics are quite unpredictable, and thus, can require adaptability skills from a person to handle them. This is unfortunately what most elderly people find challenging however much professional expertise they may have, leading to what is known as obsolescent skill. This non-eligible property of seniors can, in turn, result in inter-generational conflicts, and in worse case scenarios, there can even be workforce marginalization bred by age discrimination. Moreover, not being flexible and fast enough in a rush, the elderly can affect the efficiency of the work.

To tackle these, companies should introduce age-tolerant mentorship programs. By doing so, insecurity older people may experience at work can be effectively solved; managers should encourage younger workers to have intergenerational collaboration with seniors, potentially building up their expertise. Little does a company have probability of failing once such workforce diversity has been established, and such cooperation can aid to overcome many obstacles together, potentially boosting productivity to its highest.

More importantly, because of the competition older people have to bear against the youth, youth unemployment can soar, since youngsters should be even more skilled to be given promising job prospects in the job market where supply exceeds demand. Seniors generally tend to have rich experience - a key factor that sets them apart from others in the skill set disparity. Being unable to find proper career opportunities, young people are highly likely to develop age-related bias; they can even commit crimes because of rage.

So as to alleviate unemployment of the youth, governments should take initiatives. They should gradually encourage companies to introduce flexible working arrangements in order to provide more people with jobs. Furthermore, age-inclusive regulations should be added further to ensure fair treatments for all ages. Seniors have to be encouraged to change their working practices, say choose a part-time job, and while doing so, they should their time to teaching the younger generation more than working by themselves. At the end, governments can offer retirement planning support for the elderly for they are not capable of working forever. I believe no older people would prefer to stay at work if they did not have economic insecurity, so governments must take this point into consideration as well.

To conclude, although reduced job availability along with productivity concerns, and the elderly isolation can be attributed as potential issues to having a competition between young and old people for work, I think that these can all be dealt with effectively with proper company policies as well as governments’ sensible intervention.

word count: 513 words

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Health services are a basic necessity. However, private companies have made them quite costly for ordinary individuals. Do the advantages of private healthcare outweigh its disadvantages?

Healthcare is a fundamental human necessity, which has now become prohibitively expensive due to the emergence of private clinics. I opine that there are certain advantageous sides of private healthcare establishments such as less stress on standing in queues and far more advanced quality, and drawbacks primarily connected to the cost of services. I believe advantages bear more weight since disadvantages seem to be pronounced exaggeratedly.

One of the most invaluable benefits private medical centers have brought about is less strain and anxiety people have to experience during waits. Today’s non-governmental healthcare institutions offer a considerably faster service in terms of diagnosis, treatment and post-surgical activities, a set of pivotal elements that public clinics have deficiency in. This significantly reduces accidental illness developments because of stress bred by too long waits, since a human heart does not seem to be stress-resistant in such occasions. In most public health centres, however, prolonged stress, including stress caused by waiting in clinics, can negatively affect the immune system, potentially making a person more susceptible to ailments. Moreover, the faster the service is, the less likelihood of catching something infectious, while being in close proximity to other sick people.

Not only do privately-owned health centers make it safer with stress, but they are also ahead of most public counterparts with their cutting-edge equipment — another key to private establishments’ success. In the financially-driven world, in order to make swift and correct diagnosis, companies desperately need high-quality tools, and when there is a fierce competition between these companies themselves, having a better, in most cases newer, equipment does bring more trust. In contrary to these exclusive entities, although run by government, most public ones unfortunately still have serious issues with equipment; their equipment may not always perform efficiently, potentially explaining why most people nowadays, have a strong inclination to going to private companies when they feel ill. Most professional doctors prefer to work there over public institutions simply because the pay is usually quite competitive — another key factor making private healthcare companies stand out.

Notwithstanding, I would argue that there might be potential deleterious sides of private healthcare companies. I think the main concern is related to pricing; due to the heavy investment in equipment, private companies charge a lot of money for their services, which cannot be affordable for lower class people. However, I do not see this as a big deal for the quality is worth millions, especially when a human life is concerned. Furthermore, given the intense competition for customers between private clinics, they naturally have to lower their prices at some point, say when they all have the same level of equipment and high trained staff. People will generally be able to enjoy the services of private companies as well, but it needs some time to reach to that point.

In conclusion, I reiterate that the positive sides of private healthcare players far outweigh the negative sides, as convenience and quality they offer cannot be found in most governmental clinics, and the only negativity about private ones — high costs — will eventually be lowered because of a competition between clinics.

word count: 521 words
time spent: 43 minutes

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The pie graphs compare the percentages of government’s investments in nine distinct fields in two individual years: 2000 and 2015. Overall, there were different changes in all categories. While significant figures - education, medicine, defence, and experienced a decline, other less considerable fields received more attention in 2015. Although having a downward tendency, big education and healthcare remained as the most funded fields.

Striking figures - education, healthcare, pensions, and defence - remained at their top positions despite undergoing a decrease. Education had had 24% of the total share before it declined by 3% in 2015, whereas the proportions for healthcare and old-age pensions did not change at all; a downfall of 1% was the case for the former when it had one-fifth in 2015, and the latter stayed at 19% in both years. Government expended 3% less money on defence in 2015 than they did in 2000.

Relatively smaller figures, on the other hand, showed upward patterns for the most part. Welfare’s share rose by 5% form initial 8%, while the government made double more expenditure on interest on borrowing - 10% in 2015. Transport, leisure and others shared the same percentage at 1% at the end, even though the former two had had slightly higher rates before this.

Word count: 210 words
time spent: 14 minutes

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Topic: Some people think that all students should be required to study a foreign language. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

There is a widely suggested claim that every student should be taught any foreign language in addition to their mother tongue. Although some may oppose this view because of fear the language might get wiped out, I believe that it would be a step for the betterment with certain regulatory rules.

Admittedly, it is undeniable that language preservation has become a globally-concerned issue these days. The core factor behind this is probably the fact that some small nations are gradually losing their native language, and are becoming a small sub-group of a bigger language family. In fact, recent research carried out by Harvard linguists shows that at least a language disappears every 2 weeks, further explaining why it can be sensible not to force students to study a foreign language. The users of these going-to-die languages are shifting to bigger languages such as English or Spanish, and consequently forgetting their own language.

Notwithstanding, I would argue that the opponents of a foreign language introduction to school curriculum sound slightly exaggerated. Language acquisition actually extends the brain activity by forcing the brain to use more parts, in other words, more electron signals between the network of brain parts. With much enlarged brain capacity, it gets a lot easier to get input in either language, native or second, which in turn, shapes students’ critical thinking abilities as well as making them more flexible to novelties. In order to fulfill the desires of the advocates of not studying foreign languages, I assume that issuing special regulations to cement the importance of the native language within a country would be a workable solution.

Not only do students enhance their critical thinking, but they can also build up their communication skills without feeling the language barrier. This especially comes true in today’s rapidly-developing world, where there is no nation without the elements of globalization, so, in general, students can also share cultural values with others, or go abroad to study or work. Moreover, all these would eventually lead to much better global economy and international relations, since people would have no communicative issues with each other, neither do countries; people would be aware of other nations’ cultures and traditions, thus, become more tolerant to each other, preventing further potential misunderstandings.

In conclusion, while some might say that teaching a foreign language to students can result in a language disappearance, I take issue with this notion for I think bilingualism or multilingualism can be beneficial both for the learners and society with certain rules holding the native language’s necessity.

word count: 422 words
time: less than 40 minutes, I gather (wrote it during the class, so it could've been within half an hour, or even less than this)

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Write a letter to school director suggesting ways to improve environment of the school.


Dear Principal,

I am writing you to propose a new idea about the current school environment.

Considering the huge number of students studying at our school, it sometimes gets almost impossible to get rid of litter; all rubbish bins get more than fulled with the vast trash thrown away by students. To alleviate this issue, it would be better to place some extra containers so that students can have a wide choice where to put their waste.

Moreover, I think encouraging students to get engaged in clean-up sessions would foster a better sense of responsibility and consciousness about one’s environment. To better do it, I believe giving particular rewards for certain activities will be of pivotal benefit, since children tend to become enthusiastic when there is something to get. It can be either individual job or team work.

Lastly, most trees and flowers in our garden have already got affected by serious illnesses, and are at the edge of dying. To address this problem, we should organize special tree-planting weeks or marathons when not only students, but their parents can take part in and be a role model for their children. We can also use chemical treatments to avoid diseases and kill parasites.

I hope you will consider my suggestion, and reply me back soon.

Yours faithfully/sincerely,
A student at your school, Azamat Nurmatov

word count: 223 words

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Many educational institutions give greater importance to subjects related to science and ignore subjects such as drama and literature. Is this a positive or a negative development?


Science subjects tend to receive much more attention than drama and literature classes. While neglecting art classes can lead to a loss of cultural heritage and the degradation of important personal traits, I believe the benefits provided by science far outweigh any negative consequences.

Admittedly, it is undeniable that culture preservation has become a globally-concerned issue these days. It is mainly done in art classes such as drama and literature, where students get to know certain customs and traditions while being exposed to them. These classes help people to shape their attitudes towards others, teach how to be tolerant to each other, as well as instructing how to behave in quarrelsome situations. Briefly saying, people get mentally relaxed, shed their stress and strain, lowering their anxiety levels in today’s rapidly changing world. Students can also become more empathetic, not getting outrageous to others for small mishaps, since they highly likely read or watch such daily life conflicting moments.

Notwithstanding, I still reckon that it is quite fair that STEM subjects should receive greater importance as cultural values can be learnt at home or at culture centers. The role science has been playing in people’s lives is unprecedented, and it has streamlined the human development. Were it not for science, the humanity would not be able to reach current position, where the synchrony of science and mankind’s life is at its peak now. Take any development in any field, and there comes science as the prime steer. These industries are, in fact, at their prime conditions; healthcare, for example, has never been this advanced, or transportation, from ancient time horses to modern jets, all these are the fruit of science. There is also a wholly new field, IT, which is transforming almost all other industries, further cementing the importance of science in people’s lives.

In conclusion, I reiterate that however much art classes may bear weights, it is STEM-based approach of institutions that has paved the way towards materialistic betterment, and art classes can be taken voluntarily as short courses if need be.

word count: 344 words
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VERSION 1

The line graph compares the number of 4 distinct sports participants in an unspecified region from 1985 to 2005.

Overall, despite having the biggest number of people initially, there was experienced a marked decline in the number of rugby participants. This figure, thus, was overtaken by the quantity of people going for tennis. The rest two, basketball and badminton, did not show noticeable changes/stayed relatively unchanged.

Initially, the number of people taking part in rugby was a little below 250. after undergoing a slight decline by around 50 in 1995, it dwindled until the final 50, marking the lowest figure in 2005.
Starting the period at 150, an increase by 50 was the case for the quantity of tennis players in 1995. It, then, rose slightly, reaching the ultimate 225.

Standing at around 75 and sharp 50, the number of people taking part in basketball and badminton did not change at all, with both having a small fall in 1990.

word count: 160 words
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