🔆Goma:
✅The M23 rebel group’s recent offensive in the Democratic Republic of Congo has seized key areas in Goma, eastern DRC, drawing global attention.
Location:
✅Goma is the capital of North Kivu Province in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.
✅It is situated on the northern shore of Lake Kivu, near the borders with Rwanda and Uganda.
📍The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC):
✅Location: The DRC is located in Central Africa and is the second-largest country in Africa by land area.
✅It shares borders with nine countries: Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, and Angola.
✅The M23 (March 23 Movement) is a rebel group primarily composed of ethnic Tutsis.
#Places_in_news
✅The M23 rebel group’s recent offensive in the Democratic Republic of Congo has seized key areas in Goma, eastern DRC, drawing global attention.
Location:
✅Goma is the capital of North Kivu Province in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.
✅It is situated on the northern shore of Lake Kivu, near the borders with Rwanda and Uganda.
📍The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC):
✅Location: The DRC is located in Central Africa and is the second-largest country in Africa by land area.
✅It shares borders with nine countries: Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, and Angola.
✅The M23 (March 23 Movement) is a rebel group primarily composed of ethnic Tutsis.
#Places_in_news
Dear Students,
Fifth Environment Rapid revision class will be conducted today at 8 PM.
Subject:- Environment
Sub topic:- Climate Change
Zoom Link for the class will be shared in the group.
https://t.me/+5SmN4Vv1mcFkNTRl
Fifth Environment Rapid revision class will be conducted today at 8 PM.
Subject:- Environment
Sub topic:- Climate Change
Zoom Link for the class will be shared in the group.
https://t.me/+5SmN4Vv1mcFkNTRl
Telegram
GOT - Rapid Revision
Akshu invites you to join this group on Telegram.
🔆 Twenty-Fifth Constitutional Amendment Act, 1971
📍 Key Additions:
✅ Article 31C: Inserted to protect laws enacted to give effect to the Directive Principles in Article 39(b) (equitable distribution of resources) and Article 39(c) (prevention of concentration of wealth). Such laws cannot be challenged for violating Articles 14, 19, and 31.
📍 Key Changes:
✅ Article 19(1)(f): Modified to further curtail the fundamental right to property, limiting its scope.
📍 Significance:
✅ Strengthened the implementation of Directive Principles of State Policy, prioritizing socio-economic reforms over individual property rights.
✅ Reduced judicial interference in laws aimed at redistributive justice, empowering the legislature to address inequities in resource distribution.
The Twenty-Fifth Constitutional Amendment Act, 1971, was a landmark step in aligning constitutional provisions with social justice goals, prioritizing the collective good over individual property rights to promote equity and fairness.
📍 Key Additions:
✅ Article 31C: Inserted to protect laws enacted to give effect to the Directive Principles in Article 39(b) (equitable distribution of resources) and Article 39(c) (prevention of concentration of wealth). Such laws cannot be challenged for violating Articles 14, 19, and 31.
📍 Key Changes:
✅ Article 19(1)(f): Modified to further curtail the fundamental right to property, limiting its scope.
📍 Significance:
✅ Strengthened the implementation of Directive Principles of State Policy, prioritizing socio-economic reforms over individual property rights.
✅ Reduced judicial interference in laws aimed at redistributive justice, empowering the legislature to address inequities in resource distribution.
The Twenty-Fifth Constitutional Amendment Act, 1971, was a landmark step in aligning constitutional provisions with social justice goals, prioritizing the collective good over individual property rights to promote equity and fairness.
UnionBudget2025 aims to initiate transformative reforms across six domains. During the next five years, these will augment our growth potential and global competitiveness
➡️ Taxation
➡️ Power Sector
➡️ Urban Development
➡️ Mining
➡️ Financial Sector
➡️ Regulatory Reforms
Join : https://t.me/thegameoftoppers
➡️ Taxation
➡️ Power Sector
➡️ Urban Development
➡️ Mining
➡️ Financial Sector
➡️ Regulatory Reforms
Join : https://t.me/thegameoftoppers
India’s Digital Economy to contribute One-Fifth of National Income by 2029-30
✅ India’s digital economy has emerged as a significant contributor to its economic growth, accounting for 11.74% of the GDP (INR 31.64 lakh crore or USD 402 billion) in 2022-23
✅ Employing 14.67 million workers (2.55% of the workforce), the digital economy is nearly five times more productive than the rest of the economy.
✅In the BFSI sector, over 95% of banking payment transactions are digital, but revenue-generating activities like loans and investments remain largely offline, with financial services less digitalised overall.
✅Retail is shifting to omni-channel models, with e-tailers adding physical stores, while AI chatbots and digital inventory tools enhance efficiency.
✅Education has begun adopting offline, online, and hybrid models, with most institutions favoring hybrid approaches
✅Hospitality and logistics are embracing AI, metaverse, and digital tools, with large firms fully digitalising operations, while smaller players lag behind.
#economy
✅ India’s digital economy has emerged as a significant contributor to its economic growth, accounting for 11.74% of the GDP (INR 31.64 lakh crore or USD 402 billion) in 2022-23
✅ Employing 14.67 million workers (2.55% of the workforce), the digital economy is nearly five times more productive than the rest of the economy.
✅In the BFSI sector, over 95% of banking payment transactions are digital, but revenue-generating activities like loans and investments remain largely offline, with financial services less digitalised overall.
✅Retail is shifting to omni-channel models, with e-tailers adding physical stores, while AI chatbots and digital inventory tools enhance efficiency.
✅Education has begun adopting offline, online, and hybrid models, with most institutions favoring hybrid approaches
✅Hospitality and logistics are embracing AI, metaverse, and digital tools, with large firms fully digitalising operations, while smaller players lag behind.
#economy
Budget 2025 Highlights
🔹 Key Announcements
🌾 Agriculture & Rural Development
✅ Dhan Dhanya Yojana to be launched in 100 districts
✅ 6-year mission for Tur, Urad, and Masoor dal 🌱
✅ Makhana Board 🍘 to be set up in Bihar
✅ Central agencies 🏢 to purchase pulses for 4 years
✅ New schemes for vegetable & fruit production 🍏 with states
✅ Marine sector 🐟 development initiative
✅ Self-reliance in edible oils 🛢
✅ Kisan Credit Card 💳 limit increased to ₹5 lakh
✅ Urea plant 🏭 to be set up in Assam
🏭 Industry & Infrastructure
✅ Special schemes for footwear 👞 & leather 👜
✅ India to become a global toy hub 🧸
✅ 22 lakh new jobs 🏢👷 under the Leather Scheme
✅ Launch of the National Manufacturing Mission 🏗
✅ ₹1 lakh crore fund 💰 for urban development 🏙
✅ Special scheme for ship-breaking industry 🚢⚙️
✅ More cities 🏙 to be connected under ‘Udaan’ 🛫
✅ New airport ✈️ to be constructed in Bihar
📖 Education & Research
✅ More IIT institutes 🎓 to be set up
✅ 75,000 new medical seats 🏥 in the next 5 years
✅ Special AI research centers 🤖 to be established
✅ All government secondary schools 🏫 to get broadband 🌐
✅ ₹20,000 crore investment 💰 in private sector R&D 🔬
✅ Increased focus on Indian languages 📖 in education
🏠 Housing & Tourism
✅ 40,000 homes 🏡 under the SWAMIH scheme
✅ 52 new tourist destinations 🏝 to be developed with states
✅ Buddha-related sites 🏯 to be preserved & developed
💰 Finance & Taxation
✅No tax on income up to ₹12 lakh!
✅ Special credit card 💳 for small businesses
✅ UPI-linked card 💳 for small vendors
✅ UPI-linked credit card limit set at ₹30,000 💰
✅ Easier access to funds 💵 for export promotion
✅ Interest-free funds 🏗💵 for states to boost infra
✅ New Income Tax Bill 📜 to be introduced next week
✅ 100% FDI & FPI limit 🌍 in the insurance sector 🏦
✅ Simplification of RE-KYC 📑 process
✅ TDS rates 📉 to be simplified
✅ Major tax relief for senior citizens 👴👵
✅ Tax exemption limit for seniors increased to ₹1 lakh 💰
✅ TDS exemption on rent 🏠 increased to ₹6 lakh
✅ No penalty 🚫 on delayed TCS payments
📦 Trade & Customs
✅ New mining policy ⛏️ to be introduced
✅ Custom duty removed 🚫💊 on 36 life-saving medicines
✅ Changes in custom duty on electronic goods 📱
✅ No primary duty on lead & zinc ⚒️
✅ Duty removed 🚫 on crust leather 👜
Join our main channel https://t.me/thegameoftoppers
🔹 Key Announcements
🌾 Agriculture & Rural Development
✅ Dhan Dhanya Yojana to be launched in 100 districts
✅ 6-year mission for Tur, Urad, and Masoor dal 🌱
✅ Makhana Board 🍘 to be set up in Bihar
✅ Central agencies 🏢 to purchase pulses for 4 years
✅ New schemes for vegetable & fruit production 🍏 with states
✅ Marine sector 🐟 development initiative
✅ Self-reliance in edible oils 🛢
✅ Kisan Credit Card 💳 limit increased to ₹5 lakh
✅ Urea plant 🏭 to be set up in Assam
🏭 Industry & Infrastructure
✅ Special schemes for footwear 👞 & leather 👜
✅ India to become a global toy hub 🧸
✅ 22 lakh new jobs 🏢👷 under the Leather Scheme
✅ Launch of the National Manufacturing Mission 🏗
✅ ₹1 lakh crore fund 💰 for urban development 🏙
✅ Special scheme for ship-breaking industry 🚢⚙️
✅ More cities 🏙 to be connected under ‘Udaan’ 🛫
✅ New airport ✈️ to be constructed in Bihar
📖 Education & Research
✅ More IIT institutes 🎓 to be set up
✅ 75,000 new medical seats 🏥 in the next 5 years
✅ Special AI research centers 🤖 to be established
✅ All government secondary schools 🏫 to get broadband 🌐
✅ ₹20,000 crore investment 💰 in private sector R&D 🔬
✅ Increased focus on Indian languages 📖 in education
🏠 Housing & Tourism
✅ 40,000 homes 🏡 under the SWAMIH scheme
✅ 52 new tourist destinations 🏝 to be developed with states
✅ Buddha-related sites 🏯 to be preserved & developed
💰 Finance & Taxation
✅No tax on income up to ₹12 lakh!
✅ Special credit card 💳 for small businesses
✅ UPI-linked card 💳 for small vendors
✅ UPI-linked credit card limit set at ₹30,000 💰
✅ Easier access to funds 💵 for export promotion
✅ Interest-free funds 🏗💵 for states to boost infra
✅ New Income Tax Bill 📜 to be introduced next week
✅ 100% FDI & FPI limit 🌍 in the insurance sector 🏦
✅ Simplification of RE-KYC 📑 process
✅ TDS rates 📉 to be simplified
✅ Major tax relief for senior citizens 👴👵
✅ Tax exemption limit for seniors increased to ₹1 lakh 💰
✅ TDS exemption on rent 🏠 increased to ₹6 lakh
✅ No penalty 🚫 on delayed TCS payments
📦 Trade & Customs
✅ New mining policy ⛏️ to be introduced
✅ Custom duty removed 🚫💊 on 36 life-saving medicines
✅ Changes in custom duty on electronic goods 📱
✅ No primary duty on lead & zinc ⚒️
✅ Duty removed 🚫 on crust leather 👜
Join our main channel https://t.me/thegameoftoppers
Pay attention to just western and eastern rivers mentioned in this image. Also note that Baghilar is on Chenab.
Join our channel for more such content : https://t.me/thegameoftoppers
Join our channel for more such content : https://t.me/thegameoftoppers
Post-Glacial Ecosystems: A Silver Lining to Climate Change? 🌍❄️
📰 Why in News?
Glacier retreat, a clear consequence of climate change, is revealing opportunities for developing new ecosystems that could help mitigate climate change impacts, as per a global study.
🌱 Key Findings:
✅ Emerging Ecosystems: Glacier retreat gives rise to new ecosystems, capable of capturing carbon through biogeochemical processes and biomass growth.
✅ Microbial Colonization: Microorganisms like bacteria and algae are the first settlers, followed by plants (lichens, mosses, grass), enriching the soil for larger life forms.
✅ Temporary Habitats: Deglaciated areas, particularly in Himalayas and sub-polar regions, act as biodiversity hotspots and serve as refuges for cold-adapted species.
🌍 Why Are These Ecosystems Important?
✅ Biodiversity: Potential for medicinal and agricultural discoveries.
✅ Eco-Tourism: Boosts local economies while promoting conservation.
✅ Water Regulation: Post-glacial ecosystems in regions like the Himalayas help regulate water availability, affecting rivers that millions depend on.
🧊 About Glaciers:
✅ What Are They? Massive ice sheets moving under their own weight, shaping landscapes like valleys and moraines.
✅ Significance: Glaciers store 69% of the world’s freshwater and are critical for water supplies.
🌊 Impacts of Melting Glaciers:
✅ Rising Sea Levels: Causes coastal flooding and erosion.
✅ Freshwater Scarcity: Shrinking glaciers threaten future water supplies.
✅ Biodiversity Loss: Disrupts ecosystems and wildlife habitats.
✅ Economic Risks: Tourism-dependent regions, like the Himalayas, face uncertainties.
✅ Global Warming Feedback Loop: Loss of reflective glacier surfaces accelerates warming.
🌟 Way Forward:
Efforts to study, manage, and promote biodiversity in post-glacial ecosystems are vital for creating a sustainable balance between climate change mitigation and natural habitat preservation. 🌿
#Environment
📰 Why in News?
Glacier retreat, a clear consequence of climate change, is revealing opportunities for developing new ecosystems that could help mitigate climate change impacts, as per a global study.
🌱 Key Findings:
✅ Emerging Ecosystems: Glacier retreat gives rise to new ecosystems, capable of capturing carbon through biogeochemical processes and biomass growth.
✅ Microbial Colonization: Microorganisms like bacteria and algae are the first settlers, followed by plants (lichens, mosses, grass), enriching the soil for larger life forms.
✅ Temporary Habitats: Deglaciated areas, particularly in Himalayas and sub-polar regions, act as biodiversity hotspots and serve as refuges for cold-adapted species.
🌍 Why Are These Ecosystems Important?
✅ Biodiversity: Potential for medicinal and agricultural discoveries.
✅ Eco-Tourism: Boosts local economies while promoting conservation.
✅ Water Regulation: Post-glacial ecosystems in regions like the Himalayas help regulate water availability, affecting rivers that millions depend on.
🧊 About Glaciers:
✅ What Are They? Massive ice sheets moving under their own weight, shaping landscapes like valleys and moraines.
✅ Significance: Glaciers store 69% of the world’s freshwater and are critical for water supplies.
🌊 Impacts of Melting Glaciers:
✅ Rising Sea Levels: Causes coastal flooding and erosion.
✅ Freshwater Scarcity: Shrinking glaciers threaten future water supplies.
✅ Biodiversity Loss: Disrupts ecosystems and wildlife habitats.
✅ Economic Risks: Tourism-dependent regions, like the Himalayas, face uncertainties.
✅ Global Warming Feedback Loop: Loss of reflective glacier surfaces accelerates warming.
🌟 Way Forward:
Efforts to study, manage, and promote biodiversity in post-glacial ecosystems are vital for creating a sustainable balance between climate change mitigation and natural habitat preservation. 🌿
#Environment
📊 Economic Survey 2024-25: Key Takeaways 📊
✅ GDP Growth: Projected at 6.5-7% for FY25.
✅ Deregulation Focus: Boosting jobs & increasing female workforce participation.
✅ Inflation: Down to 5.4% in FY24 from 6.7% in FY23.
✅ Employment: Services & construction sectors leading job creation.
✅ Inequality: Govt aims to formalize informal sectors & increase female participation.
✅ Fiscal Health: Capital investment up, current account deficit down to 0.7% of GDP.
✅ Global Risks: Geopolitical conflicts & supply chain disruptions remain concerns.
📌 Overall: Optimistic but cautious, with focus on reforms & sustained growth.
Join : https://t.me/thegameoftoppers
✅ GDP Growth: Projected at 6.5-7% for FY25.
✅ Deregulation Focus: Boosting jobs & increasing female workforce participation.
✅ Inflation: Down to 5.4% in FY24 from 6.7% in FY23.
✅ Employment: Services & construction sectors leading job creation.
✅ Inequality: Govt aims to formalize informal sectors & increase female participation.
✅ Fiscal Health: Capital investment up, current account deficit down to 0.7% of GDP.
✅ Global Risks: Geopolitical conflicts & supply chain disruptions remain concerns.
📌 Overall: Optimistic but cautious, with focus on reforms & sustained growth.
Join : https://t.me/thegameoftoppers
To All UPSC-CSE Prelims 2025 Aspirants:
🔻 Focus on the fundamentals—stick to the basics, master static NCERTs, and prioritize PYQs.
🔻 Analyze PYQs deeply: Don’t just solve them—research each question, understand why an option is correct, and why others aren’t.
🔻 Identify repeated themes: Track recurring topics, make a list, and revise them regularly.
🔻 Commit to PYQs religiously: Cover at least 30 years of UPSC Prelims PYQs without fail.
🔻 If time permits, solve GS questions from the last 2 years of CDS, CAPF, Geoscientist, and other UPSC exams to diversify your exposure.
🔻 Test yourself smartly: Attempt good State PCS FLTs if you want to assess your performance.
🔻 In May 2025, practice 10 years of official UPSC Prelims FLTs under strict exam-like conditions.
Avoid the noise, stay consistent, and remain focused. Your clarity and discipline will set you apart.
🔻 Focus on the fundamentals—stick to the basics, master static NCERTs, and prioritize PYQs.
🔻 Analyze PYQs deeply: Don’t just solve them—research each question, understand why an option is correct, and why others aren’t.
🔻 Identify repeated themes: Track recurring topics, make a list, and revise them regularly.
🔻 Commit to PYQs religiously: Cover at least 30 years of UPSC Prelims PYQs without fail.
🔻 If time permits, solve GS questions from the last 2 years of CDS, CAPF, Geoscientist, and other UPSC exams to diversify your exposure.
🔻 Test yourself smartly: Attempt good State PCS FLTs if you want to assess your performance.
🔻 In May 2025, practice 10 years of official UPSC Prelims FLTs under strict exam-like conditions.
Avoid the noise, stay consistent, and remain focused. Your clarity and discipline will set you apart.
Origin - Financial Crisis in 1997-98 of the Asian Tigers.
1999 - It worked first as a forum for the Central Bank Governors and Finance Ministers of the major industrialised and developing economies to discuss global economic and financial stability.
2008 global financial crisis- It was upgraded to the level of Heads of State or Government.
2009 - it was declared as the “premier forum for international economic cooperation” And have met on a regular basis since then
1999 - It worked first as a forum for the Central Bank Governors and Finance Ministers of the major industrialised and developing economies to discuss global economic and financial stability.
2008 global financial crisis- It was upgraded to the level of Heads of State or Government.
2009 - it was declared as the “premier forum for international economic cooperation” And have met on a regular basis since then