Food Tests
- if you’re testing for reducing sugar, set up water-bath first (usually water is pre-heated for you, just bring to a boil)
If sample to get tested is in solid form (benedict’s test and biuret test);
crush/ cut sample given
- break up cells & release nutrients stored in cells
- increase surface area of food materials to react with reagents
add distilled water, equal volume to food sample
- to dissolve our nutrients from cells
- to make a concentrated solution of nutrients stored in cells
*MAKE SURE YOU MEMORISE THE FOOD TESTS, METHODS AND STEPS AH*
#pihnotes #bio
- if you’re testing for reducing sugar, set up water-bath first (usually water is pre-heated for you, just bring to a boil)
If sample to get tested is in solid form (benedict’s test and biuret test);
crush/ cut sample given
- break up cells & release nutrients stored in cells
- increase surface area of food materials to react with reagents
add distilled water, equal volume to food sample
- to dissolve our nutrients from cells
- to make a concentrated solution of nutrients stored in cells
*MAKE SURE YOU MEMORISE THE FOOD TESTS, METHODS AND STEPS AH*
#pihnotes #bio
common topics tested:
- osmosis
- food tests
- enzymes
- photosynthesis
- respiration
- transport in plants
- reproduction in plants
other topics pt 2:
- eye
- inheritance
- digestion in man
- hormones
unlikely topics tested (but still might come out):
- ecology
- nervous system
- transport in man
- microorganisms/ biotechnology
- reproduction in man
#bio #pihnotes
- osmosis
- food tests
- enzymes
- photosynthesis
- respiration
- transport in plants
- reproduction in plants
other topics pt 2:
- eye
- inheritance
- digestion in man
- hormones
unlikely topics tested (but still might come out):
- ecology
- nervous system
- transport in man
- microorganisms/ biotechnology
- reproduction in man
#bio #pihnotes
- people make a journey to scared site (shrine, mosque, temple, church) that is important to their beliefs
- major religious holiday/ events can draw large crowds to these sites
example;
- vatican city, catholic christianity
- jeruaselum, israel (christianity, islam, judaism)
- varanasi, india (hinduism)
- mecca, saudi arabia (islam)
PLACES OF CONFLICTS
dark tourism
- people travelling to sites associated with deaths and tragedy (battlefields, fortifications, museums, memorials) at locations important in modern industry
- visitors are usually survivors, relatives, friends of those affected or people who want to find out more about the particular event
example;
- ground zero, new york city, USA
- former location of world trade centre before destroyed in terrorist attack (9/11)
- nanjing massacre memorial hall, nanjing china
- commemorates mass murders and rapes of chinese when city fell to japanese in 1937
- ruins of pompeii, italy
- roman town that was buried in ash by eruption of mount vesuvius in 79 AD
#geog #pihnotes
- major religious holiday/ events can draw large crowds to these sites
example;
- vatican city, catholic christianity
- jeruaselum, israel (christianity, islam, judaism)
- varanasi, india (hinduism)
- mecca, saudi arabia (islam)
PLACES OF CONFLICTS
dark tourism
- people travelling to sites associated with deaths and tragedy (battlefields, fortifications, museums, memorials) at locations important in modern industry
- visitors are usually survivors, relatives, friends of those affected or people who want to find out more about the particular event
example;
- ground zero, new york city, USA
- former location of world trade centre before destroyed in terrorist attack (9/11)
- nanjing massacre memorial hall, nanjing china
- commemorates mass murders and rapes of chinese when city fell to japanese in 1937
- ruins of pompeii, italy
- roman town that was buried in ash by eruption of mount vesuvius in 79 AD
#geog #pihnotes
roles of different groups of people in promoting tourism
THE MEDIA
- channels through which news and information are communicated to public (TV radio, newspapers, internet)
- media reports about tourist site may influence people’s decision to visit as repair may put in a positive or negative light
- positive reports encourage tourists to visit a site
- negative reports deter tourists from visiting a site
- media reports awareness of certain tourists destinations that are previously unpopular/ not considered by tourists
- travel writers write reviews about tourists destinations
- may publish their reviews (travel guidebooks, travelogues, magazines)
- evaluate tourists destination in many areas (foods, transport, accommodation)
- reviews may influence readers decisions on visiting particular travel site
- internet is a source for readily accessible information
- many tend to search for reviews/ background on a tourist site from tourism related websites/ personal blogs
examples;
- international newspapers reports on political unrest in thailand 2014 caused tourism industry to suffer significant losses in tourist revenue
- hotels in bangkok suffered very low occupancy rates and many international airlines reduced flights to to thailand due to sharp drop in demand
popular tourism related websites:
- tripadvisor
- expedia
- lonely planet
- budgettravel
- agoda
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
- is a group of different countries that work together for a common purpose
- help design guidelines to balance needs of economic development and environmental sustainability due to tourism
- tackle issues related to things (economy, sustainability, employment) in tourism
- influence tourism industry through reports and vice lines on site in positive and negative ways
- positive opinions on country’s political situation, economy and health can encourage international tourists to visit
- travel alerts about health conditions or political instability can deter visitors arrivals to country
example;
- Organisation for Economic Co-Orperation and Development (OECD) Tourism Committee
- identifies key channel hes related to employment and local developments that affects tourism
- produces guidelines on measuring social and economic impact or tourism
- promotes sustainable growth and achieve economic growth
- United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO)
- promotes sustainability in economic growth and environment through tourism
- provides global code of ethics for tourism guidelines to emphasise ethical uses of tourist sites
- worlds w governments to i prove global tourism knowledge and policies
- World Health Organisation
- provides information on global health matters
- issues health advisors to public on places at risk of outbreak of diseases
THE GOVERNMENT
- directly included in planning, funding, building good infrastructure to support tourism in their country
- in position to authorise air landings and approve building if facilities and infrastructure (hotels and roads)
- set up government agencies to devise strategies to attract more domestic international tourists to boost tourism in certain sites
- also influence number of visitors and length of stay
- play important role in providing high levels of safety and security for tourists
example;
- Singapore tourism board (STB)
- responsible for promoting SG as a tourist destination
- organises promotional events
eg. working closely to launch annual Great singapore sale
- facilitates investment of tourism related businesses (hotels, resorts, cruises, airlines)
- oversees developments of new attractions like river safari and integrated resorts
#geog
#pihnotes
THE MEDIA
- channels through which news and information are communicated to public (TV radio, newspapers, internet)
- media reports about tourist site may influence people’s decision to visit as repair may put in a positive or negative light
- positive reports encourage tourists to visit a site
- negative reports deter tourists from visiting a site
- media reports awareness of certain tourists destinations that are previously unpopular/ not considered by tourists
- travel writers write reviews about tourists destinations
- may publish their reviews (travel guidebooks, travelogues, magazines)
- evaluate tourists destination in many areas (foods, transport, accommodation)
- reviews may influence readers decisions on visiting particular travel site
- internet is a source for readily accessible information
- many tend to search for reviews/ background on a tourist site from tourism related websites/ personal blogs
examples;
- international newspapers reports on political unrest in thailand 2014 caused tourism industry to suffer significant losses in tourist revenue
- hotels in bangkok suffered very low occupancy rates and many international airlines reduced flights to to thailand due to sharp drop in demand
popular tourism related websites:
- tripadvisor
- expedia
- lonely planet
- budgettravel
- agoda
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
- is a group of different countries that work together for a common purpose
- help design guidelines to balance needs of economic development and environmental sustainability due to tourism
- tackle issues related to things (economy, sustainability, employment) in tourism
- influence tourism industry through reports and vice lines on site in positive and negative ways
- positive opinions on country’s political situation, economy and health can encourage international tourists to visit
- travel alerts about health conditions or political instability can deter visitors arrivals to country
example;
- Organisation for Economic Co-Orperation and Development (OECD) Tourism Committee
- identifies key channel hes related to employment and local developments that affects tourism
- produces guidelines on measuring social and economic impact or tourism
- promotes sustainable growth and achieve economic growth
- United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO)
- promotes sustainability in economic growth and environment through tourism
- provides global code of ethics for tourism guidelines to emphasise ethical uses of tourist sites
- worlds w governments to i prove global tourism knowledge and policies
- World Health Organisation
- provides information on global health matters
- issues health advisors to public on places at risk of outbreak of diseases
THE GOVERNMENT
- directly included in planning, funding, building good infrastructure to support tourism in their country
- in position to authorise air landings and approve building if facilities and infrastructure (hotels and roads)
- set up government agencies to devise strategies to attract more domestic international tourists to boost tourism in certain sites
- also influence number of visitors and length of stay
- play important role in providing high levels of safety and security for tourists
example;
- Singapore tourism board (STB)
- responsible for promoting SG as a tourist destination
- organises promotional events
eg. working closely to launch annual Great singapore sale
- facilitates investment of tourism related businesses (hotels, resorts, cruises, airlines)
- oversees developments of new attractions like river safari and integrated resorts
#geog
#pihnotes
forms of tourism
PACKAGE HOLIDAYS
- a four arranged by a travel agency
- includes transportation, accommodation, and most meals in package
- led by tour guide who speaks local language and is familiar w background
MASS TOURISM
- a tour that involves large numbers of tourists visiting a particular place tgth
- often takes form of package holiday
NICHE TOURISM
- special-interest tourism passed on particular area, interest, activity
- done by independent travellers/ combined w package tours when tourists are willing to pay a higher cost to seek new destinations, activities and experiences
example;
- whale watching in hawaii
- whitewater rafting and bungee jumping in new zealand
- ecotourism
- defined by international ecotourism society (TIES)
- responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people
- visits to relatively undisturbed natural areas
- better appreciate natural beauty and biodiversity and raise funds for ecological conservation
- provides direct financial benefits to local people and fosters respect for different cultures and lifestyles between hosts and visitors
example;
- waitomo caves in new zealand
- gorilla safaris in rwanda
- base camp masai mara in kenya
#geog #pihnotes
PACKAGE HOLIDAYS
- a four arranged by a travel agency
- includes transportation, accommodation, and most meals in package
- led by tour guide who speaks local language and is familiar w background
MASS TOURISM
- a tour that involves large numbers of tourists visiting a particular place tgth
- often takes form of package holiday
NICHE TOURISM
- special-interest tourism passed on particular area, interest, activity
- done by independent travellers/ combined w package tours when tourists are willing to pay a higher cost to seek new destinations, activities and experiences
example;
- whale watching in hawaii
- whitewater rafting and bungee jumping in new zealand
- ecotourism
- defined by international ecotourism society (TIES)
- responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people
- visits to relatively undisturbed natural areas
- better appreciate natural beauty and biodiversity and raise funds for ecological conservation
- provides direct financial benefits to local people and fosters respect for different cultures and lifestyles between hosts and visitors
example;
- waitomo caves in new zealand
- gorilla safaris in rwanda
- base camp masai mara in kenya
#geog #pihnotes
reasons for growth of global tourism
developments in technology
BETTER AND AFFORDABLE TRANSPORT
- traveling becomes safer, shorter, cheaper
- global tourism made it further affordable with increasing number of budget airlines or airlines w low fares operating in europe, north and south americas, SEA
- budget airlines can offer cheap flights cus they use small and more fuel- efficient aircrafts
- allow direct online purchase of tickets to avoid paying fees to travel agents
- enable more people to make frequent trips to international tourist destinations
-provide people the opportunity to have holidays at places fatter away from home
- offer flights to some tourist destinations not covered by major commercial airlines
example;
- 1950s, duration of flight time from SG to london was 2-4 days
- now it only takes 14 hours
budget airlines:
- jetstar
- air asia
- tigerair
- scoot
- air asia offers flight service to krabi resort in thailand which is not offered by singapore airlines
EASE OF ACCESS TO INFORMATION
- development in information technology has made information more readily available and accessible
- information can be updated quickly and easily so that people can get latest information about tourist destination they want to visit
- allows people to perform online booking and research
- companies also launch their apps which allow people to perform online booking and research anytime
- people can purchase air tickets immediately and are able to compare the air fairs of different flight operators
- can read reviews of a tourist site posted by people who have visited the site of recommended by some reliable tourism related websites
- people also feel safer and more confident about travelling with improvements in surveillance, electronic checks, and other safety control research
example;
- popular websites which offer travel reviews and advice/ online hotel and flight booking:
- tripadvisor
- zuji
- trivago
- lonely planet
- expedia
#geog
#pihnotes
developments in technology
BETTER AND AFFORDABLE TRANSPORT
- traveling becomes safer, shorter, cheaper
- global tourism made it further affordable with increasing number of budget airlines or airlines w low fares operating in europe, north and south americas, SEA
- budget airlines can offer cheap flights cus they use small and more fuel- efficient aircrafts
- allow direct online purchase of tickets to avoid paying fees to travel agents
- enable more people to make frequent trips to international tourist destinations
-provide people the opportunity to have holidays at places fatter away from home
- offer flights to some tourist destinations not covered by major commercial airlines
example;
- 1950s, duration of flight time from SG to london was 2-4 days
- now it only takes 14 hours
budget airlines:
- jetstar
- air asia
- tigerair
- scoot
- air asia offers flight service to krabi resort in thailand which is not offered by singapore airlines
EASE OF ACCESS TO INFORMATION
- development in information technology has made information more readily available and accessible
- information can be updated quickly and easily so that people can get latest information about tourist destination they want to visit
- allows people to perform online booking and research
- companies also launch their apps which allow people to perform online booking and research anytime
- people can purchase air tickets immediately and are able to compare the air fairs of different flight operators
- can read reviews of a tourist site posted by people who have visited the site of recommended by some reliable tourism related websites
- people also feel safer and more confident about travelling with improvements in surveillance, electronic checks, and other safety control research
example;
- popular websites which offer travel reviews and advice/ online hotel and flight booking:
- tripadvisor
- zuji
- trivago
- lonely planet
- expedia
#geog
#pihnotes
demand factors
INCREASE IN DISPOSABLE INCOME
- amount of income left to an individual to spend after deducting taxes
- amount of income available for individual to spend or save
- trend of disposable income is on the rise globally due to rapid economic growth
- gives rise to more middle income and high income groups of people who have more disposable income
- w growth in disposable income, people are more willing to spend on goods and services that improve quality of live (traveling for leisure)
example;
- china and india
- experienced rapid economic growth
- led to more people from these countries traveling for leisure
INCREASING LEISURE TIME
- time available for relaxation when people have no work commitments
- leisure time usually inform of paid peace for people in the middle income to high hin come groups, so they are more inclined to travel
- since 1950s? working adults in many DCs and LDCs enjoy more public holidays, shorter working weeks and more paid annual leave
- so there’s more leisure time got them to make travel plans
example;
- australia
- employees allowed to exchange paid overtime got leave
- policy allows them to have more longer weekend breaks to travel
- canada
- employees enjoy more breaks and extended weekends
CHANGING LIFESTYLE
- change in the way people live throughout their lifetime and from generation to generation
- pace of life has become faster than that people tend to work beyond their official working hours
- many people choose traveling to relax and enjoy a break from their fast-paced lifestyle
- people have become more health conscious and adopt healthier lifestyles due to advances in medical technology and knowledge
- live longer and remain physically fit even after retirement
- people are able to travel more frequently and retirees may consider traveling as a way to live their remaining healthy years productively
- retirees contribute significantly to growth of tourism
- many package holidays are targeting retirees like cruises which are popular amongst them
example;
- more than 50% international tourists travelled for leisure, recreation and holiday in 2011
- australia
- grey nomads are a group of retirees who spend much of their time traveling in mobile homes or vehicles to explore remote parts of the country
#geog
#pihnotes
INCREASE IN DISPOSABLE INCOME
- amount of income left to an individual to spend after deducting taxes
- amount of income available for individual to spend or save
- trend of disposable income is on the rise globally due to rapid economic growth
- gives rise to more middle income and high income groups of people who have more disposable income
- w growth in disposable income, people are more willing to spend on goods and services that improve quality of live (traveling for leisure)
example;
- china and india
- experienced rapid economic growth
- led to more people from these countries traveling for leisure
INCREASING LEISURE TIME
- time available for relaxation when people have no work commitments
- leisure time usually inform of paid peace for people in the middle income to high hin come groups, so they are more inclined to travel
- since 1950s? working adults in many DCs and LDCs enjoy more public holidays, shorter working weeks and more paid annual leave
- so there’s more leisure time got them to make travel plans
example;
- australia
- employees allowed to exchange paid overtime got leave
- policy allows them to have more longer weekend breaks to travel
- canada
- employees enjoy more breaks and extended weekends
CHANGING LIFESTYLE
- change in the way people live throughout their lifetime and from generation to generation
- pace of life has become faster than that people tend to work beyond their official working hours
- many people choose traveling to relax and enjoy a break from their fast-paced lifestyle
- people have become more health conscious and adopt healthier lifestyles due to advances in medical technology and knowledge
- live longer and remain physically fit even after retirement
- people are able to travel more frequently and retirees may consider traveling as a way to live their remaining healthy years productively
- retirees contribute significantly to growth of tourism
- many package holidays are targeting retirees like cruises which are popular amongst them
example;
- more than 50% international tourists travelled for leisure, recreation and holiday in 2011
- australia
- grey nomads are a group of retirees who spend much of their time traveling in mobile homes or vehicles to explore remote parts of the country
#geog
#pihnotes
Forwarded from procrastination is history (kenz 🦖🦕🐯 not alive)
POA summary notes.pdf
38.4 MB