sometimes i really question my life decisions..
i was applicable for every subject combi in sec 2 like triple math or triple science and i chose a SINGLE pure subject (pure geog).. i could’ve taken pure sci with pure geog but i was stupid.
(a blessing in disguise because i’m dying rn BUT STILL.)
i was applicable for every subject combi in sec 2 like triple math or triple science and i chose a SINGLE pure subject (pure geog).. i could’ve taken pure sci with pure geog but i was stupid.
(a blessing in disguise because i’m dying rn BUT STILL.)
Forwarded from sugarhse☀️ (zx☁️)
timeline affecting trends of tourism for my pure geo bbs! ❤️
2002: terrorist attack in bali,indonesia
- foreign vistors decrease by 57%
2003: SARS outbreak
-SG international tourist arrivals decrease by 19% to 6.1million, 238 people infected and 33 dead
2004: indian ocean tsunami
- indonesia, sri lanka, india, maldives and thailand affected
2005: bali bombing
-overall vistors arrival decrease by nearly 49% from 168 170 in september to 86 880 in october
2007-2008: H1N1 influenza outbreak
- affected USA, mexico and spain
2007-2010: world economic recession, global financial crisis, european sovereign debt crisis
-esdc started when greece could not repay its govrn debt
2010: thailand political unrest (bangkok)
2010-2011: arab spring
-middle east, egypt's total international tourism receipts dropped frm us $12.5 to $8.8 billion
2011: japan tohoku earthquake
-tsunami and nuclear meltdown in tokoku region, total tourist arrivals decreased by 28% to 6.2 million
2014: outbreak of Ebola virus
-affected west african countries, hotel occupancy rate decreased from 65% to 30%
2017: mount agung eruption, bali
-closure of bali's airport in late november, 400 flights cancelled, 120 000 travellers stranded, international arrivals decreased by 16%
- 70% decrease in vistors and loss in revenue of US $1 billion
2019: Coronavirus outbreak
-april 2020, airline industry recorded 80% drop in flights compared to 2019
-estimated loss of us $320 billion in international tourist receipts
all the best for geog😆
2002: terrorist attack in bali,indonesia
- foreign vistors decrease by 57%
2003: SARS outbreak
-SG international tourist arrivals decrease by 19% to 6.1million, 238 people infected and 33 dead
2004: indian ocean tsunami
- indonesia, sri lanka, india, maldives and thailand affected
2005: bali bombing
-overall vistors arrival decrease by nearly 49% from 168 170 in september to 86 880 in october
2007-2008: H1N1 influenza outbreak
- affected USA, mexico and spain
2007-2010: world economic recession, global financial crisis, european sovereign debt crisis
-esdc started when greece could not repay its govrn debt
2010: thailand political unrest (bangkok)
2010-2011: arab spring
-middle east, egypt's total international tourism receipts dropped frm us $12.5 to $8.8 billion
2011: japan tohoku earthquake
-tsunami and nuclear meltdown in tokoku region, total tourist arrivals decreased by 28% to 6.2 million
2014: outbreak of Ebola virus
-affected west african countries, hotel occupancy rate decreased from 65% to 30%
2017: mount agung eruption, bali
-closure of bali's airport in late november, 400 flights cancelled, 120 000 travellers stranded, international arrivals decreased by 16%
- 70% decrease in vistors and loss in revenue of US $1 billion
2019: Coronavirus outbreak
-april 2020, airline industry recorded 80% drop in flights compared to 2019
-estimated loss of us $320 billion in international tourist receipts
all the best for geog😆
coastal protection measures
HARD ENGINEERING MEASURES
seawalls:
- build parallel to coasts
strengths;
- protect coasts lines cus they absorb wave energy
- prevent wave attack on coasts
limitations;
- expensive to build
- need constant repairs
- only absorb SOME wave energy and reflect incoming waves
- backwash reflected off waves carry away beach materials at base of seawalls (cause collapse of seawall)
example;
- seawall along coasts of Drakes Island, England collapsed cus of erosion
gabions:
- wire cages filled w crush rocks
- build along a shore/ behind a beach to prevent/ reduce coastal erosion by weakening wave energy
strengths;
- absorb wave energy better than seawalls (water can filter through gaps between rocks)
- more effective against high energy
limitation;
- ugly
- expensive to maintain
- easily corroded by seawater
- damaged by excessive trampling or vandalism
example;
- east coast park in SG removed cus of vandalism
breakwaters:
- held to break the force of incoming waves
- built parallel to coast/ w one end attached to coast
strengths;
- create a zone of calm water after breaking force of incoming waves
- allow materials to be deposited and accumulated
- calm water zone forms beaches
- calm water zone used as sheltered harbour for boats
limitations;
- ugly
- expensive to build
- protect coasts unevenly cus only protect materials deposited in zone behind them
- zone located away from BW are not protected and subjected to wave action and (possible) erosion
example;
- portland harbour, england
- gave rise to erosion and flooding problems
- affected properties, beaches and communications infrastructure
groynes:
- low walls constructed at right angles to shore
- prevents longshoreman drift
strengths;
- absorb/ reduce energy of waves
- cause materials yo be deposited on updraft side of groyne facing long shore drift
limitation;
- ugly
- expensive to build and maintain
- no new materials carried & deposited on downdrift side
- cause unprotected part of beach to be eroded by long shore drift (tips of groynes sometimes angled at 10 deg depending on winds yo prevent erosion)
example;
- sandy hook in new jersey, USA
- groyne removed because of large amts of sediments eroded on downdrift side
tetrapods:
- four-pronged concrete structures
- stacked off-shore in interlocking position to help dissipate wave energy
strengths;
- allow water to pass through so no powerful backwash is being developed
- less likely to be damaged
- pre-casted which means that they can be placed quickly unlike other structures that need time to build
example;
- Cresent City, northern california
- defend against coastal erosion
- reduce impact of tsunamis which have occured many times
limitations;
- ugly
- expensive to build
- pose threats to swimmers, surfers and boaters
overall: ALL HARD ENGINEERING METHODS ARE UGLY!!!!!
#geog
HARD ENGINEERING MEASURES
seawalls:
- build parallel to coasts
strengths;
- protect coasts lines cus they absorb wave energy
- prevent wave attack on coasts
limitations;
- expensive to build
- need constant repairs
- only absorb SOME wave energy and reflect incoming waves
- backwash reflected off waves carry away beach materials at base of seawalls (cause collapse of seawall)
example;
- seawall along coasts of Drakes Island, England collapsed cus of erosion
gabions:
- wire cages filled w crush rocks
- build along a shore/ behind a beach to prevent/ reduce coastal erosion by weakening wave energy
strengths;
- absorb wave energy better than seawalls (water can filter through gaps between rocks)
- more effective against high energy
limitation;
- ugly
- expensive to maintain
- easily corroded by seawater
- damaged by excessive trampling or vandalism
example;
- east coast park in SG removed cus of vandalism
breakwaters:
- held to break the force of incoming waves
- built parallel to coast/ w one end attached to coast
strengths;
- create a zone of calm water after breaking force of incoming waves
- allow materials to be deposited and accumulated
- calm water zone forms beaches
- calm water zone used as sheltered harbour for boats
limitations;
- ugly
- expensive to build
- protect coasts unevenly cus only protect materials deposited in zone behind them
- zone located away from BW are not protected and subjected to wave action and (possible) erosion
example;
- portland harbour, england
- gave rise to erosion and flooding problems
- affected properties, beaches and communications infrastructure
groynes:
- low walls constructed at right angles to shore
- prevents longshoreman drift
strengths;
- absorb/ reduce energy of waves
- cause materials yo be deposited on updraft side of groyne facing long shore drift
limitation;
- ugly
- expensive to build and maintain
- no new materials carried & deposited on downdrift side
- cause unprotected part of beach to be eroded by long shore drift (tips of groynes sometimes angled at 10 deg depending on winds yo prevent erosion)
example;
- sandy hook in new jersey, USA
- groyne removed because of large amts of sediments eroded on downdrift side
tetrapods:
- four-pronged concrete structures
- stacked off-shore in interlocking position to help dissipate wave energy
strengths;
- allow water to pass through so no powerful backwash is being developed
- less likely to be damaged
- pre-casted which means that they can be placed quickly unlike other structures that need time to build
example;
- Cresent City, northern california
- defend against coastal erosion
- reduce impact of tsunamis which have occured many times
limitations;
- ugly
- expensive to build
- pose threats to swimmers, surfers and boaters
overall: ALL HARD ENGINEERING METHODS ARE UGLY!!!!!
#geog
coastal protection measures pt 2
SOFT ENGINEERING MEASURES
planting vegetation and stabilising dunes:
- mangroves absorb wave energy through dense root system
- help stabilise coastlines
- roots of grasses help stabilise sand dunes cus roots anchor sand and prevent erosion
strength;
- matting out over dunes and young grasses are planted into sand
- grasses become established and dunes become more stable
- matting will rot away to add nutrients to sand
limitations;
- requires number of years before can resist natural elements
- humans can trample over it or vandalise
- fences/ access paths need to be built to protect vegetated dunes
- high cost in maintaining them
- fences need to be replaced at suitable height (sand accumulation)
example;
- triton place, western australia
- frences and access paths constructed at coats to protect vegetated sand dunes
beach nourishment:
- using sand from external source to replenish sand on depleted beach
- can be from other beaches/ sand dredged from sea floor
strength;
- able to change coast into wide, sandy beach that provides immediate protection to inland area
example;
- coast of cape may point in new jersey, USA
- restore depleted beach
- sentosa, SG
- where beach material of find sand was used to replenish siloso, tanjong and palawan beach
- make it look pleasing to eye
limitation;
- time-consuming
- expensive
- given rise to many other problems
example;
- Waikiki Beach
- coral reefs destroyed be ayse sand was washed out to sea and suffocated corals
- other management strategies are required to be put in place to prevent re-nourished beaches from being eroded again
encouraging coral reef growth:
- coral reefs help weaken wave energy
- provide breeding ground and nursery for fish
- placing durable materials (steel/ concrete) onto sea floor to create artificial reefs, they attract coals and other marine life to start a function as a natural reef
example;
- Palau in northern pacific ocean
- sunken ships from WW2 have been coloniser by corals naturally
- Maldives in indian ocean
- country carried out coral- growing programmes to help curb severe beach erosion on its islands
- done by placing structure of welded steel off coasts of resorts (iluru)
- structure charged w low- voltage solar generated electricity to make corals grow faster
strength;
- Maldives
- successful because corals are found to grow 3-5 times faster than normal
- island now supports variety of corals and marine creatures
limitations;
- difficult to encourage coral growth
- sites need to be sure eyed carefully to ensure maximum opportunity growth
- overcome/ avoid danger of siltation
- rate if coral growth vv slow, may need 20-30 years
SOFT ENGINEERING MEASURES
planting vegetation and stabilising dunes:
- mangroves absorb wave energy through dense root system
- help stabilise coastlines
- roots of grasses help stabilise sand dunes cus roots anchor sand and prevent erosion
strength;
- matting out over dunes and young grasses are planted into sand
- grasses become established and dunes become more stable
- matting will rot away to add nutrients to sand
limitations;
- requires number of years before can resist natural elements
- humans can trample over it or vandalise
- fences/ access paths need to be built to protect vegetated dunes
- high cost in maintaining them
- fences need to be replaced at suitable height (sand accumulation)
example;
- triton place, western australia
- frences and access paths constructed at coats to protect vegetated sand dunes
beach nourishment:
- using sand from external source to replenish sand on depleted beach
- can be from other beaches/ sand dredged from sea floor
strength;
- able to change coast into wide, sandy beach that provides immediate protection to inland area
example;
- coast of cape may point in new jersey, USA
- restore depleted beach
- sentosa, SG
- where beach material of find sand was used to replenish siloso, tanjong and palawan beach
- make it look pleasing to eye
limitation;
- time-consuming
- expensive
- given rise to many other problems
example;
- Waikiki Beach
- coral reefs destroyed be ayse sand was washed out to sea and suffocated corals
- other management strategies are required to be put in place to prevent re-nourished beaches from being eroded again
encouraging coral reef growth:
- coral reefs help weaken wave energy
- provide breeding ground and nursery for fish
- placing durable materials (steel/ concrete) onto sea floor to create artificial reefs, they attract coals and other marine life to start a function as a natural reef
example;
- Palau in northern pacific ocean
- sunken ships from WW2 have been coloniser by corals naturally
- Maldives in indian ocean
- country carried out coral- growing programmes to help curb severe beach erosion on its islands
- done by placing structure of welded steel off coasts of resorts (iluru)
- structure charged w low- voltage solar generated electricity to make corals grow faster
strength;
- Maldives
- successful because corals are found to grow 3-5 times faster than normal
- island now supports variety of corals and marine creatures
limitations;
- difficult to encourage coral growth
- sites need to be sure eyed carefully to ensure maximum opportunity growth
- overcome/ avoid danger of siltation
- rate if coral growth vv slow, may need 20-30 years
WHO THOUGHT IT WOULD BE A GOOD IDEA TO HAVE 5 PAPERS THROUGH 4 DAYS THEN PURE GEOG ON THE 5TH DAY.
OLEVELS
#olevelscountdown PAPERS
Pure History 1 t-minus: D-DAY
Pure Geography 1 t-minus: D-DAY
Additional Mathematics 1 t-minus: 5 days
Combined Chemistry: t-minus 6 days
Pure Chemistry 2: t-minus 6 days
Additional Mathematics 2: t-minus 7 days
Social studies t-minus 10 days
Combined Physics t-minus 10 days
Pure Physics 2: t-minus 10 days
Pure Geography 2: t-minus 11 days
Pure History 2: t-minus 11 days
Combined Biology: t-minus 11 days
Pure Biology: t-minus 11 days
POA 1: t-minus 12 days
Literature in English: t-minus 13 days
Elective lit: t-minus 13 days
POA 2: t-minus 14 days
Literature in English 2: t-minus 17 days
MTL 1: t-minus 18 days
MTL 2: t-minus 18 days
Combined Science 1: t-minus 19 days
Pure Physics 1: t-minus 19 days
END OF COMBINED SCIENCE OLEVELS
MTL B 1: t-minus 20 days
MTL B 2: t-minus 21 days
Pure Chemistry 1: t-minus 21 days
Pure Biology 1: t-minus 21 days
END OF OLEVELS
ALEVELS
#alevelscountdown PRACTICAL
Biology: t-minus: 6 days
#alevelscountdown LISTENING
MTB: t-minus: 10 days
#alevelscountdown PAPERS
General Paper 1: t-minus: 17 days
General Paper 2: t-minus: 18 days
Mathematics 1: t-minus: 18 days
Literature in Eng 1: t-minus: 19 days
Chemistry 2: t-minus 20 days
Mathematics 2: t-minus 21 days
Literature in Eng 2: t-minus 24 days
Literature in Eng 3: t-minus 25 days
#olevelscountdown PAPERS
Pure History 1 t-minus: D-DAY
Pure Geography 1 t-minus: D-DAY
Additional Mathematics 1 t-minus: 5 days
Combined Chemistry: t-minus 6 days
Pure Chemistry 2: t-minus 6 days
Additional Mathematics 2: t-minus 7 days
Social studies t-minus 10 days
Combined Physics t-minus 10 days
Pure Physics 2: t-minus 10 days
Pure Geography 2: t-minus 11 days
Pure History 2: t-minus 11 days
Combined Biology: t-minus 11 days
Pure Biology: t-minus 11 days
POA 1: t-minus 12 days
Literature in English: t-minus 13 days
Elective lit: t-minus 13 days
POA 2: t-minus 14 days
Literature in English 2: t-minus 17 days
MTL 1: t-minus 18 days
MTL 2: t-minus 18 days
Combined Science 1: t-minus 19 days
Pure Physics 1: t-minus 19 days
END OF COMBINED SCIENCE OLEVELS
MTL B 1: t-minus 20 days
MTL B 2: t-minus 21 days
Pure Chemistry 1: t-minus 21 days
Pure Biology 1: t-minus 21 days
END OF OLEVELS
ALEVELS
#alevelscountdown PRACTICAL
Biology: t-minus: 6 days
#alevelscountdown LISTENING
MTB: t-minus: 10 days
#alevelscountdown PAPERS
General Paper 1: t-minus: 17 days
General Paper 2: t-minus: 18 days
Mathematics 1: t-minus: 18 days
Literature in Eng 1: t-minus: 19 days
Chemistry 2: t-minus 20 days
Mathematics 2: t-minus 21 days
Literature in Eng 2: t-minus 24 days
Literature in Eng 3: t-minus 25 days
END OF OLEVELS
Combined sci: t-minus: 19 days
Pure sci: t-minus: 21 days
END OF ALEVELS
t-minus: 42 days
Combined sci: t-minus: 19 days
Pure sci: t-minus: 21 days
END OF ALEVELS
t-minus: 42 days
types of tourism
PLACES OF SCENIC BEAUTY
honeypot tourism:
- attracts large numbers of people to a site’s scenic beauty
- attracted to unique features/ natural environments (mountains, valleys, rivers, waterfalls, beaches, islands, rainforests, manmade landmarks- statues/ towers)
- overcrowded during peak season
- wide range of tourist facilities developed at these sites (hotels, resorts, shopping centres, transport stations)
- attract more arrival or tourists
natural environments;
- phi phi island, thailand
- grand canyon, USA
- rocky mountains, north america
- cancun ,mexico
- victory falls, africa
- halong bay, vietnam
manmade features:
- eiffel tower, france
- statue of liberty, USA
PLACES W GOOD FACILITIES
MICE facilities:
- attracts large groups to a place
- host large-scale events (meetings, conventions)
- supported by good infrastructure & services (hotel, retail shops, telecommunication networks)
- attract organisers to hold trade fairs and international conferences which encourages more arrival of busiest travellers
- more successful in locations located along air routes
- have other attractions (entertainment, shopping, resorts)
- high level of safety and security
example;
- SG top convention in asia pacific for 10 consecutive years
- attracted 3.2 million business travellers in 2002
- hosted important events:
- international Monetary Fund (IMF) (2006)
- World Bank (2006)
- youth olympic games (2010)
- international air transport association (IATA) (2011)
- global aviation human capital summit (2011)
- MBS, expo and convention centre crowned asia’s best MICE hotel in 2011 and 2012
medical facilities:
- travelling for medical procedures to enhance/ restore health
- people travel to countries w reputable medical procedures they can:
- avoid long waiting periods
- avoid high health care cost
- seek better quality medical facilities
example;
- SG popular destination for foreign patients who need to undergo complex surgical procedures
- Seoul, south korea
- plastic/ cosmetic surgery
Theme parks:
- places w amusement park settings
- attractions that have central subject/ theme (based on films, history, education, fantasy)
- large-scale enterprise that is part of international chain
- attract visitors of diff ages
example;
- disneyland in USA, france, china, japan etc
- window of the world in Shenzhen, china (miniature replicas of famous tourists spots ard world)
- everland resort in yongin, south korea (different thematic zones)
PLACES W RICH CULTURE
heritage tourism
- people travelling to experience different cultures
- better understand history of pleases
- culture defined as distinct ways people live and which developed overtime (language, social customs, values, beliefs)
- heritage sites (museums, traditional festivals, national and historical monuments, various cultural activities) allow:
- domestic tourists to reinforce national identities
- international tourists to learn more about country’s identify history and culture
- highly unique places are declared world heritage sites by united national educational and cultural organisation (UNESCO) for cultural significance and own countries
example;
- lost city of incas, andes mountains in machu, picchu, south america
- 600 year old forbidden city & tiananmen square in beijing, china
- tower of london & buckingham palace, london, UK
- taj mahal in agra, india
- pyramids, giza, egypt
- angkor wat, siem reap, cambodia
PLACES W RICH CULTURE
film-induced tourism
- people travelling to visit locations featured in films
- visitors can understand how certain scenes of film were filmed
- re-enact moments when places are features in film
example;
- new zealand
- popular tourist destination as some scenic landscapes in country are used in movie lord of the rings
- zhangjiajie national forest park, china
- film avatar features scenery in that area
- seoul, south korea
- featured in film stairway to heaven
pilgrimage tourism
- people travelling to a place to participate in religious activity
PLACES OF SCENIC BEAUTY
honeypot tourism:
- attracts large numbers of people to a site’s scenic beauty
- attracted to unique features/ natural environments (mountains, valleys, rivers, waterfalls, beaches, islands, rainforests, manmade landmarks- statues/ towers)
- overcrowded during peak season
- wide range of tourist facilities developed at these sites (hotels, resorts, shopping centres, transport stations)
- attract more arrival or tourists
natural environments;
- phi phi island, thailand
- grand canyon, USA
- rocky mountains, north america
- cancun ,mexico
- victory falls, africa
- halong bay, vietnam
manmade features:
- eiffel tower, france
- statue of liberty, USA
PLACES W GOOD FACILITIES
MICE facilities:
- attracts large groups to a place
- host large-scale events (meetings, conventions)
- supported by good infrastructure & services (hotel, retail shops, telecommunication networks)
- attract organisers to hold trade fairs and international conferences which encourages more arrival of busiest travellers
- more successful in locations located along air routes
- have other attractions (entertainment, shopping, resorts)
- high level of safety and security
example;
- SG top convention in asia pacific for 10 consecutive years
- attracted 3.2 million business travellers in 2002
- hosted important events:
- international Monetary Fund (IMF) (2006)
- World Bank (2006)
- youth olympic games (2010)
- international air transport association (IATA) (2011)
- global aviation human capital summit (2011)
- MBS, expo and convention centre crowned asia’s best MICE hotel in 2011 and 2012
medical facilities:
- travelling for medical procedures to enhance/ restore health
- people travel to countries w reputable medical procedures they can:
- avoid long waiting periods
- avoid high health care cost
- seek better quality medical facilities
example;
- SG popular destination for foreign patients who need to undergo complex surgical procedures
- Seoul, south korea
- plastic/ cosmetic surgery
Theme parks:
- places w amusement park settings
- attractions that have central subject/ theme (based on films, history, education, fantasy)
- large-scale enterprise that is part of international chain
- attract visitors of diff ages
example;
- disneyland in USA, france, china, japan etc
- window of the world in Shenzhen, china (miniature replicas of famous tourists spots ard world)
- everland resort in yongin, south korea (different thematic zones)
PLACES W RICH CULTURE
heritage tourism
- people travelling to experience different cultures
- better understand history of pleases
- culture defined as distinct ways people live and which developed overtime (language, social customs, values, beliefs)
- heritage sites (museums, traditional festivals, national and historical monuments, various cultural activities) allow:
- domestic tourists to reinforce national identities
- international tourists to learn more about country’s identify history and culture
- highly unique places are declared world heritage sites by united national educational and cultural organisation (UNESCO) for cultural significance and own countries
example;
- lost city of incas, andes mountains in machu, picchu, south america
- 600 year old forbidden city & tiananmen square in beijing, china
- tower of london & buckingham palace, london, UK
- taj mahal in agra, india
- pyramids, giza, egypt
- angkor wat, siem reap, cambodia
PLACES W RICH CULTURE
film-induced tourism
- people travelling to visit locations featured in films
- visitors can understand how certain scenes of film were filmed
- re-enact moments when places are features in film
example;
- new zealand
- popular tourist destination as some scenic landscapes in country are used in movie lord of the rings
- zhangjiajie national forest park, china
- film avatar features scenery in that area
- seoul, south korea
- featured in film stairway to heaven
pilgrimage tourism
- people travelling to a place to participate in religious activity
- people make a journey to scared site (shrine, mosque, temple, church) that is important to their beliefs
- major religious holiday/ events can draw large crowds to these sites
example;
- vatican city, catholic christianity
- jeruaselum, israel (christianity, islam, judaism)
- varanasi, india (hinduism)
- mecca, saudi arabia (islam)
PLACES OF CONFLICTS
dark tourism
- people travelling to sites associated with deaths and tragedy (battlefields, fortifications, museums, memorials) at locations important in modern industry
- visitors are usually survivors, relatives, friends of those affected or people who want to find out more about the particular event
example;
- ground zero, new york city, USA
- former location of world trade centre before destroyed in terrorist attack (9/11)
- nanjing massacre memorial hall, nanjing china
- commemorates mass murders and rapes of chinese when city fell to japanese in 1937
- ruins of pompeii, italy
- roman town that was buried in ash by eruption of mount vesuvius in 79 AD
#geog #pihnotes
- major religious holiday/ events can draw large crowds to these sites
example;
- vatican city, catholic christianity
- jeruaselum, israel (christianity, islam, judaism)
- varanasi, india (hinduism)
- mecca, saudi arabia (islam)
PLACES OF CONFLICTS
dark tourism
- people travelling to sites associated with deaths and tragedy (battlefields, fortifications, museums, memorials) at locations important in modern industry
- visitors are usually survivors, relatives, friends of those affected or people who want to find out more about the particular event
example;
- ground zero, new york city, USA
- former location of world trade centre before destroyed in terrorist attack (9/11)
- nanjing massacre memorial hall, nanjing china
- commemorates mass murders and rapes of chinese when city fell to japanese in 1937
- ruins of pompeii, italy
- roman town that was buried in ash by eruption of mount vesuvius in 79 AD
#geog #pihnotes
Forwarded from .ೃ studydump (ning)
coasts overview
procrastination is history
coasts overview
ning is a blessing SHES SUMMING UP EVERYTHING THEN THERES ME HAVING LITERALLY EVERY SINGLE DETAIL THAT IS PROBABLY UNNECESSARY