#Calcium supplementation and risk of #dementia in women with cerebrovascular disease

http://m.neurology.org/content/early/2016/08/17/WNL.0000000000003111

Conclusions: Calcium supplementation may increase the risk of developing dementia in elderly women with cerebrovascular disease. Because our sample was relatively small and the study was observational, these findings need to be confirmed.

2016: Experts Consensus Recommendations for the Management of #Calcium Channel Blocker #Poisoning in Adults.


http://mobile.journals.lww.com/ccmjournal/_layouts/15/oaks.journals.mobile/articleviewer.aspx?year=9000&issue=00000&article=96757

We offer recommendations for the stepwise management of calcium channel blocker toxicity. For all interventions, the level of evidence was very low

#Calcium Intake and #Cardiovascular Disease Risk: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

http://annals.org/aim/article/2571713/calcium-intake-cardiovascular-disease-risk-updated-systematic-review-meta-analysis

Conclusion:
Calcium intake within tolerable upper intake levels (2000 to 2500 mg/d) is not associated with CVD risk in generally healthy adults.

Association of Coronary Artery #Calcium in Adults Aged 32 to 46 Years With Incident #Coronary Heart Disease and Death

http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2601071

The presence of CAC among individuals aged between 32 and 46 years was associated with increased risk of fatal and nonfatal CHD during 12.5 years of follow-up. A CAC score of 100 or more was associated with early death. Adults younger than 50 years with any CAC, even with very low scores, identified on a computed tomographic scan are at elevated risk of clinical CHD, CVD, and death. Selective use of screening for CAC might be considered in individuals with risk factors in early adulthood to inform discussions about primary prevention.

Risk of Ischemic #Stroke Associated With #Calcium Supplements With or Without Vitamin D: A Nested Case‐Control Study
http://jaha.ahajournals.org/content/6/5/e005795

Background There is controversy surrounding the risk of ischemic stroke associated with the use of calcium supplements either in monotherapy or in combination with vitamin D.

Calcium supplementation with vitamin D was not associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke (odds ratio 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.67–1.08) in the population as a whole or under any of the conditions examined (dose, duration, background cardiovascular risk, sex, or age). Calcium supplement monotherapy was not associated with an increased risk in the population as a whole (odds ratio 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 0.86–1.61), although a significant increased risk at high doses (≥1000 mg/day: odds ratio 2.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.25–3.49; <1000 mg: odds ratio 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.45–1.26) compared with nonuse was observed. The sensitivity analysis did not affect the inferences, with similar results observed among new users as to the overall study population.

Conclusions This study suggests that calcium supplements given as monotherapy at high doses may increase the risk of ischemic stroke, whereas their combination with vitamin D seems to offset this hazard.

Serum #Calcium and Risk of Sudden Cardiac #Arrest in the General Population
http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(17)30434-2/fulltext

To evaluate the potential role of low serum Ca levels in the occurrence of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in the community Cases of SCA had higher proportions of blacks 31 (12%) vs 14 (3%); P<.001, diabetes mellitus 122 (46%) vs 126 (28%); P<.001, and chronic kidney disease 102 (38%) vs 73 (16%); P<.001 than did controls. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, a 1-unit decrease in Ca levels was associated with a 1.6-fold increase in odds of SCA (odds ratio, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.06-2.51). Blood Ca levels lower than 8.95 mg/dL (to convert to mmol/L, multiply by 0.025) were associated with a 2.3-fold increase in odds of SCA as compared with levels higher than 9.55 mg/dL (odds ratio, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.17-4.61). Cases of SCA had significantly prolonged corrected QT intervals on the 12-lead electrocardiogram than did controls (465±37 ms vs 425±33 ms; P<.001).

Conclusion

Lower serum Ca levels were independently associated with an increased risk of SCA in the community

#Coronary Artery #Calcium Score for Long-term Risk Classification in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome From the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/article-abstract/2661160

Although the risk of type 2 diabetes is considered to be equivalent to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, there is considerable heterogeneity among individuals for CHD and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. It is not known whether coronary artery calcium (CAC) assessment at baseline in individuals with established metabolic syndrome (MetS) or diabetes identifies CHD and ASCVD prognostic indicators during a long follow-up period

After 11.1 mean years of follow-up, CHD events occurred in 84 participants with diabetes (135 ASCVD events), 115 with MetS (175 ASCVD events), and 157 with neither (250 ASCVD events). The CAC score was independently associated with incident CHD in multivariable analyses in those with diabetes (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.19-1.43), MetS (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.20-1.41), and neither condition (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.27-1.47). For incident CHD, net reclassification improvement with addition of CAC score was 0.23 (95% CI, 0.10-0.37) in those with diabetes, 0.22 (95% CI, 0.09-0.35) in those with MetS, and 0.25 (95% CI, 0.15-0.35) in those with neither condition. The CAC score was also a prognostic indicator of CHD and ASCVD after controlling for diabetes duration of 10 years or longer at baseline, insulin use, and glycemic control.

Conclusions and Relevance In a large multiethnic cohort, the addition of CAC score to global risk assessment was associated with significantly improved risk classification in those with MetS and diabetes, even if diabetes duration was longer than a decade, suggesting a role for the CAC score in risk assessment in such patients

Association Between #Calcium or Vitamin #D Supplementation and #Fracture Incidence in Community-Dwelling Older Adults A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2667071?resultClick=1&redirect=true

A total of 33 randomized trials involving 51 145 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There was no significant association of calcium or vitamin D with risk of hip fracture compared with placebo or no treatment (calcium: RR, 1.53 95% CI, 0.97 to 2.42; ARD, 0.01 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.01; vitamin D: RR, 1.21 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.47; ARD, 0.00 95% CI, −0.00 to 0.01. There was no significant association of combined calcium and vitamin D with hip fracture compared with placebo or no treatment (RR, 1.09 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.39; ARD, 0.00 95% CI, −0.00 to 0.00). No significant associations were found between calcium, vitamin D, or combined calcium and vitamin D supplements and the incidence of nonvertebral, vertebral, or total fractures. Subgroup analyses showed that these results were generally consistent regardless of the calcium or vitamin D dose, sex, fracture history, dietary calcium intake, and baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration.

Conclusions and Relevance In this meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, the use of supplements that included calcium, vitamin D, or both compared with placebo or no treatment was not associated with a lower risk of fractures among community-dwelling older adults. These findings do not support the routine use of these supplements in community-dwelling older people.

#Calcium and vitamin #D supplementation and increased risk of serrated #polyps: results from a randomised clinical trial

http://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2018/01/29/gutjnl-2017-315242


SPs were diagnosed in 565 of 2058 (27.5%) participants during the treatment phase and 329/1108 (29.7%) during the observational phase. In total, 211 SSA/Ps were identified during follow-up. In the treatment phase, there was no effect of either calcium or vitamin D on incidence of SSA/Ps. However, during the later observational phase, we observed elevated risks of SSA/Ps associated with calcium alone and calcium+vitamin D treatment (aRR (95% CI): 2.65 (1.43 to 4.91) and 3.81 (1.25 to 11.64), respectively).

Conclusion In a large multicentre chemoprevention study, we found evidence that calcium and vitamin D supplementation increased the risk of SSA/Ps. This appeared to be a late effect: 6–10 years after supplementation began. These possible risks must be weighed against the benefits of calcium and vitamin D supplementation

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Association of Hydroxylmethyl Glutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors, L-Type #Calcium Channel Antagonists, and Biguanides With Rates of #Psychiatric Hospitalization and Self-Harm in Individuals With Serious Mental Illness

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2719703

Drug repurposing is potentially cost-effective, low risk, and necessary in psychiatric drug development. The availability of large, routine data sets provides the opportunity to evaluate the potential for currently used medication to benefit people with serious mental illness (SMI).

To determine whether hydroxylmethyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (HMG-CoA RIs), L-type calcium channel (LTCC) antagonists, and biguanides are associated with reduced psychiatric hospitalization and self-harm in individuals with SMI.

Conclusions and Relevance This study provides additional evidence that exposure to HMG-CoA RIs, LTCC antagonists, and biguanides might lead to improved outcomes for individuals with SMI. Given the well-known adverse event profiles of these agents, they should be further investigated as repurposed agents for psychiatric symptoms.

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Comparison of #fracture risk using different supplemental doses of #vitamin D, #calcium or their combination: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Inconsistent findings in regard to association between different concentrations of vitamin D, calcium or their combination and the risk of fracture have been reported during the past decade in community-dwelling older people

A total of 25 randomised controlled trials involving 43 510 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There was no evidence that the risk of total fracture was reduced using different concentrations of vitamin D, calcium or their combination compared with placebo or no treatment. No significant associations were found between calcium, vitamin D, or combined calcium and vitamin D supplements and the incidence of hip or vertebral fractures.

Conclusions The use of supplements that included calcium, vitamin D or both was not found to be better than placebo or no treatment in terms of risk of fractures among community-dwelling older adults. It means the routine use of these supplements in community-dwelling older people should be treated more carefully.

https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/10/e024595

#Calcium Intake Is Inversely Related to Risk of #Obesity among American Young Adults over a 30-Year Follow-Up

https://2medical.news/2021/05/15/calcium-intake-is-inversely-related-to-risk-of-obesity-among-american-young-adults-over-a-30-year-follow-up/

Evaluation of serum #calcium differences in #hypertensive crises and control patients: A randomly matched case-control study

https://2medical.news/2021/07/31/evaluation-of-serum-calcium-differences-in-hypertensive-crises-and-control-patients-a-randomly-matched-case-control-study/