🔆VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE (1336 -1646 AD)
✅ It was founded in 1336 by Harihara and Bukka (with the blessings of Guru Vidyaranya) of the Sangama dynasty who originally served under the Kakatiya rulers of Warangal.
✅They later proclaimed their independence and founded a new city on the south bank of the Tungabhadra River named it “Vijayanagar” (City of Victory)
✅ Early Vijayanagar rulers were followers of Saivism. Virupaksha was their family God. Later they came under
the influence of Vaishnavism. However, Siva continued to be worshipped.
✅There was constant conflict between Vijayanagar Empire and Bahamani kingdom over Raichur doab (fertile region between Krishna and Tungabhadra), Tungabhadra doab (fertile areas of Krishna-Godavari delta) & Marathwada.
✅ In the south its main rivals were the Sultans of Madurai.
✅ During the reign of Rama Raya, the combined forces of Bijapur, Ahmednagar, Golkonda and Bidar defeated him at the Battle of Talaikotta in 1565 which marked an end of the Vijayanagar Empire.
✅ The last ruler of Vijayanagar was Sri Ranga III
▪️Four Dynasties ruled Vijayanagar from A.D. 1336 TO 1672:
✅DESCRIPTION Sangama (1336-1485)
Sangama was the first dynasty to rule over the Vijaynagara empire. The founders of the empire, Harihar I and Bukka belonged to this dynasty. It ruled from 1334 AD to 1485 AD.
✅Saluva (1485-1505)
Saluva dynasty, founded by Narasimha, succeeded Sangama dynasty as the
second dynasty of the empire. It ruled from 1485 to 1505 AD. They ruled over almost the whole South India.
✅Tuluva (1505-1570)
Tuluva, founded by Vir Narsimha, was the third dynasty, which ruled Vijayanagar Empire. It ruled from Tuluva dynasty. The most famous king of Vijayanagar Empire, Krishna Deva Raya belonged to this dynasty.
✅Aravidu (1570-1650)
Aravidu, founded by Tirumala, was the fourth and last Hindu dynasty to rule Vijayanagar kingdom in South India.
#revision_notes
#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#vijayanagara_empire
✅ It was founded in 1336 by Harihara and Bukka (with the blessings of Guru Vidyaranya) of the Sangama dynasty who originally served under the Kakatiya rulers of Warangal.
✅They later proclaimed their independence and founded a new city on the south bank of the Tungabhadra River named it “Vijayanagar” (City of Victory)
✅ Early Vijayanagar rulers were followers of Saivism. Virupaksha was their family God. Later they came under
the influence of Vaishnavism. However, Siva continued to be worshipped.
✅There was constant conflict between Vijayanagar Empire and Bahamani kingdom over Raichur doab (fertile region between Krishna and Tungabhadra), Tungabhadra doab (fertile areas of Krishna-Godavari delta) & Marathwada.
✅ In the south its main rivals were the Sultans of Madurai.
✅ During the reign of Rama Raya, the combined forces of Bijapur, Ahmednagar, Golkonda and Bidar defeated him at the Battle of Talaikotta in 1565 which marked an end of the Vijayanagar Empire.
✅ The last ruler of Vijayanagar was Sri Ranga III
▪️Four Dynasties ruled Vijayanagar from A.D. 1336 TO 1672:
✅DESCRIPTION Sangama (1336-1485)
Sangama was the first dynasty to rule over the Vijaynagara empire. The founders of the empire, Harihar I and Bukka belonged to this dynasty. It ruled from 1334 AD to 1485 AD.
✅Saluva (1485-1505)
Saluva dynasty, founded by Narasimha, succeeded Sangama dynasty as the
second dynasty of the empire. It ruled from 1485 to 1505 AD. They ruled over almost the whole South India.
✅Tuluva (1505-1570)
Tuluva, founded by Vir Narsimha, was the third dynasty, which ruled Vijayanagar Empire. It ruled from Tuluva dynasty. The most famous king of Vijayanagar Empire, Krishna Deva Raya belonged to this dynasty.
✅Aravidu (1570-1650)
Aravidu, founded by Tirumala, was the fourth and last Hindu dynasty to rule Vijayanagar kingdom in South India.
#revision_notes
#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#vijayanagara_empire
▪️VARDHAMAN MAHAVIRA (539-467 BC)
✅Birth – Kundagrama near Vaishali. Belongs to Gnatrika Clan. Buddha and Mahavira were contemporaries.
✅Parents - Siddhartha and Trisala (Sister of Lichchhavi chief Chetaka).
✅He was married to Yasoda and had a daughter Anojja or Priyadarsana.
✅Teachers - Alarakama and Udraka Ramputra.
✅ He attained Kaivalya-highest spiritual knowledge, at the age of 42 under Sal tree. Thus,
he is called Mahavir, Jina Jitendriya (one who conquered his senses), Nigrantha (free
from all bonds).
✅First sermon - At Pava
✅ Died at Pava near Rajagriha at the age of 72.
✅ A symbol was associated with every Tirthankara and Mahavira’s symbol was a lion.
▪️TEACHINGS OF MAHAVIRA
✅Rejected authority of the Vedas & Vedic rituals.
✅Did not belive in the existance of God.
✅Believed in Karma & Transmission of Soul.
✅ Emphasised the equality but did not condemn varna system.
✅Advocated a life of austerity and non-violence.
▪️TENETS OF JAINISM
✅Belief in God: Jainism recognised the existence of god but placed them lower than Jina (Mahavira).
✅It did not condemn the varna system but attempted to mitigate the evils of the varna
order and the ritualistic Vedic religion.
✅According to Mahavira, a person is born in higher or lower varna as the consequence of the sins or the virtues in the previous birth. Thus, Jainism believes in the “transmigration of the soul” and the “theory of Karma.”
▪️FIVE DOCTRINES OF JAINISM
✅AHIMSA: Non-injury to a living being
✅SATYA: Do not speak a lie
✅ASTEYA: Do not steal
✅APARIGRAHA: Do not acquire property
✅ BRAHMACHARYA: Observe continence
▪️THREE JEWELS/TRIRATNA
✅It mainly aims at the attainment of liberation, for which no ritual is required.
✅ It can be attained through three principles called Three Jewels or Triratna i.e.
1. Right Faith (Samyakdarshana)
2. Right Knowledge (Samyakjnana)
3. Right Action (Samyakcharita)
▪️SPREAD OF JAINISM
✅ Through Sangha, consists of women & Men.
✅ Under the patronage of Chandragupta Maurya, Kharaveli of Kalinga and the royal dynasties of south India such as the Gangas, the Kadambas, the Chalukyas and the Rashtrkutas.
✅When Bhadrabahu (Guru of Chandragupta Maurya) left for South India, Sthulabahu remained in the North with his followers.
✅After Bhadrabahu returned with his follower, Jainism spilt into two sects:
1. SWETAMBARAS: White-clad; Northerners
2. DIGAMBARAS: Sky-clad (naked); Southerners.
#revision_notes
#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#JAINISM
✅Birth – Kundagrama near Vaishali. Belongs to Gnatrika Clan. Buddha and Mahavira were contemporaries.
✅Parents - Siddhartha and Trisala (Sister of Lichchhavi chief Chetaka).
✅He was married to Yasoda and had a daughter Anojja or Priyadarsana.
✅Teachers - Alarakama and Udraka Ramputra.
✅ He attained Kaivalya-highest spiritual knowledge, at the age of 42 under Sal tree. Thus,
he is called Mahavir, Jina Jitendriya (one who conquered his senses), Nigrantha (free
from all bonds).
✅First sermon - At Pava
✅ Died at Pava near Rajagriha at the age of 72.
✅ A symbol was associated with every Tirthankara and Mahavira’s symbol was a lion.
▪️TEACHINGS OF MAHAVIRA
✅Rejected authority of the Vedas & Vedic rituals.
✅Did not belive in the existance of God.
✅Believed in Karma & Transmission of Soul.
✅ Emphasised the equality but did not condemn varna system.
✅Advocated a life of austerity and non-violence.
▪️TENETS OF JAINISM
✅Belief in God: Jainism recognised the existence of god but placed them lower than Jina (Mahavira).
✅It did not condemn the varna system but attempted to mitigate the evils of the varna
order and the ritualistic Vedic religion.
✅According to Mahavira, a person is born in higher or lower varna as the consequence of the sins or the virtues in the previous birth. Thus, Jainism believes in the “transmigration of the soul” and the “theory of Karma.”
▪️FIVE DOCTRINES OF JAINISM
✅AHIMSA: Non-injury to a living being
✅SATYA: Do not speak a lie
✅ASTEYA: Do not steal
✅APARIGRAHA: Do not acquire property
✅ BRAHMACHARYA: Observe continence
▪️THREE JEWELS/TRIRATNA
✅It mainly aims at the attainment of liberation, for which no ritual is required.
✅ It can be attained through three principles called Three Jewels or Triratna i.e.
1. Right Faith (Samyakdarshana)
2. Right Knowledge (Samyakjnana)
3. Right Action (Samyakcharita)
▪️SPREAD OF JAINISM
✅ Through Sangha, consists of women & Men.
✅ Under the patronage of Chandragupta Maurya, Kharaveli of Kalinga and the royal dynasties of south India such as the Gangas, the Kadambas, the Chalukyas and the Rashtrkutas.
✅When Bhadrabahu (Guru of Chandragupta Maurya) left for South India, Sthulabahu remained in the North with his followers.
✅After Bhadrabahu returned with his follower, Jainism spilt into two sects:
1. SWETAMBARAS: White-clad; Northerners
2. DIGAMBARAS: Sky-clad (naked); Southerners.
#revision_notes
#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#JAINISM
🔆IMPORTANT RULERS
▪️Praudhadevaraya (Devaraya II)
✅The most famous king from Sangama dynasty.
✅Titles: ‘Elephant Hunter’, ‘Dakshinapathada Chakravarthi’.
✅Extended Vijayanagara from Gulbarga to Sri Lanka & Telangana to Kerala.
✅His commander: Lakkanna Dandesha.
▪️Krishna Devaraya (1509-1529 AD)
✅The most famous king Vijayanagara Empire (from Tuluva dynasty).
✅He is also known as Andhra Bhoja
✅Waged war against Bahamani kingdom & kept them under check.
✅ Liberated Mohammad Shah & assumed the title “Yavanarjya Prathishtapanacharya”.
✅The author of Manu Charitramu was the greatest among Ashtadiggajas.
✅ His empire extended from the river Krishna in the north to River Cauvery in the south; the Arabian Sea in the west to Bay of Bengal in the east.
✅ He had a cordial relationship with Portuguese.
✅He authored “Amuktamalyada” (Telgu work on polity) and “Jambavati
Kalyanam” (Sanskrit drama).
✅Krishna Deva Raya was a great builder as well. He built the Hazara Rama temple and the Vittalaswami temple.
✅Patronized Telugu, Kannada, Sanskrit, and Tamil scholars & poets.
✅He had 8 eminent scholars ‘Ashtadiggajas’ at his royal court.
✅He built a new city called Nagalapuram in memory of his mother Nagaladevi.
▪️“ASHTADIGGAJAS” of
Krishna Devaraya
✅A group of eight scholars adorned Krishnadevaraya’s court and they were:
1. Allasani Peddanna – the author of Manucharitram, he was also known as Andhra Kavitapitamaha
2. Nandi Thimmana – the author of Parijathapaharanam
3. Madayagari Mallana
4. Dhurjati
5. Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu
6. Pingali Surana
7. RamarajaBhushana
8. Tenali Ramakrishna
#revision_notes
#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#vijayanagara_empire
▪️Praudhadevaraya (Devaraya II)
✅The most famous king from Sangama dynasty.
✅Titles: ‘Elephant Hunter’, ‘Dakshinapathada Chakravarthi’.
✅Extended Vijayanagara from Gulbarga to Sri Lanka & Telangana to Kerala.
✅His commander: Lakkanna Dandesha.
▪️Krishna Devaraya (1509-1529 AD)
✅The most famous king Vijayanagara Empire (from Tuluva dynasty).
✅He is also known as Andhra Bhoja
✅Waged war against Bahamani kingdom & kept them under check.
✅ Liberated Mohammad Shah & assumed the title “Yavanarjya Prathishtapanacharya”.
✅The author of Manu Charitramu was the greatest among Ashtadiggajas.
✅ His empire extended from the river Krishna in the north to River Cauvery in the south; the Arabian Sea in the west to Bay of Bengal in the east.
✅ He had a cordial relationship with Portuguese.
✅He authored “Amuktamalyada” (Telgu work on polity) and “Jambavati
Kalyanam” (Sanskrit drama).
✅Krishna Deva Raya was a great builder as well. He built the Hazara Rama temple and the Vittalaswami temple.
✅Patronized Telugu, Kannada, Sanskrit, and Tamil scholars & poets.
✅He had 8 eminent scholars ‘Ashtadiggajas’ at his royal court.
✅He built a new city called Nagalapuram in memory of his mother Nagaladevi.
▪️“ASHTADIGGAJAS” of
Krishna Devaraya
✅A group of eight scholars adorned Krishnadevaraya’s court and they were:
1. Allasani Peddanna – the author of Manucharitram, he was also known as Andhra Kavitapitamaha
2. Nandi Thimmana – the author of Parijathapaharanam
3. Madayagari Mallana
4. Dhurjati
5. Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu
6. Pingali Surana
7. RamarajaBhushana
8. Tenali Ramakrishna
#revision_notes
#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#vijayanagara_empire
▪️LIST OF FOREIGN TRAVELLERS VISITED VIJAYANAGARA:
✅Abu Abdullah/ lbn Batuta (Book:Rihla) - Morocco - Harihara I
✅Nicolo de Conti - Italy - Devaraya-II
✅Abdur Razzaq - Persia - Devaraya-II
✅Athanasius Nikitin - Russia - Virupaksha Raya II
✅Ludvico de Vorthema - Italy - Krishna Deva Raya
✅Duarte Barbosa - Portugal - Krishna Deva Raya
✅Dominigo Paes - Portugal - Krishna Deva Raya
✅Fernao Nuniz - Portugal - Achyuta Deva Raya
✅Marco Polo - Venice - Achyuta Deva Raya
#revision_notes
#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#vijayanagara_empire
✅Abu Abdullah/ lbn Batuta (Book:Rihla) - Morocco - Harihara I
✅Nicolo de Conti - Italy - Devaraya-II
✅Abdur Razzaq - Persia - Devaraya-II
✅Athanasius Nikitin - Russia - Virupaksha Raya II
✅Ludvico de Vorthema - Italy - Krishna Deva Raya
✅Duarte Barbosa - Portugal - Krishna Deva Raya
✅Dominigo Paes - Portugal - Krishna Deva Raya
✅Fernao Nuniz - Portugal - Achyuta Deva Raya
✅Marco Polo - Venice - Achyuta Deva Raya
#revision_notes
#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#vijayanagara_empire
🔆BUDDHISM
✅The religion is based upon the teachings, life experiences of its founder Siddhartha Gautam, born in circa 563 BCE.
✅ Buddha asked his followers to avoid the two extremes of indulgence in worldly pleasure and the practice of strict abstinence and asceticism.
✅He ascribed instead the 'Madhyam Marg' or the middle path which was to be followed.
▪️GAUTAMA BUDDHA
(563 BC-483 BC)
✅He is also known as Siddharta, Sakyamuni & Tathagata
✅Belong to Sakya Clan
✅ Father: Siddhodana
✅ Mother: Mayadevi
✅ Birth Place: Lumbini, capital of Sakya republic
✅Teachers: Alarakama and UdrakaRamputra
✅Enlightenment: At age of 33 under Pipal tree at Uruvella (Bodhgaya) on banks of river Niranjana (Falgu).
✅First Sermon: Sarnath (Deer park) on Dharma Chakra Parivarthana to 5 disciples
including Mahakasyapa (first disciple)
✅Mahaparinirvana: At Kushinagar at age of 80.
▪️LITERARY SOURCES:
✅ Ceylonese Chronicles - MAHAVAMSA by Mahanama, DEPAVAMSA and ATTAKATHA
by Wattagamani.
✅Tibetan Chronicles- DIVYAVANDANA-KALACHAKRA
✅TRIPITAKA/ Three baskets of Buddhist scripture -
✅SUTTAPITAKA [sutra related to Buddha and companion]
✅ VINAYPITAKA [monastic rules] and
✅ABHIDHAMPITAKA [Doctrine and philosophy of Buddhism]
✅JATAKA FOLKLORE [stories related to birth of Buddha]/ In Chinese they are called SADOK.
✅MILINDAPANHA [Questions of Milinda that is greek king Meander and answers of
Buddhist monk nagasena]
3 JEWELS OF BUDDHISM (TRIRATNA)
✅Buddha, Dhamma & Sangha.
#revision_notes
#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#Buddism
✅The religion is based upon the teachings, life experiences of its founder Siddhartha Gautam, born in circa 563 BCE.
✅ Buddha asked his followers to avoid the two extremes of indulgence in worldly pleasure and the practice of strict abstinence and asceticism.
✅He ascribed instead the 'Madhyam Marg' or the middle path which was to be followed.
▪️GAUTAMA BUDDHA
(563 BC-483 BC)
✅He is also known as Siddharta, Sakyamuni & Tathagata
✅Belong to Sakya Clan
✅ Father: Siddhodana
✅ Mother: Mayadevi
✅ Birth Place: Lumbini, capital of Sakya republic
✅Teachers: Alarakama and UdrakaRamputra
✅Enlightenment: At age of 33 under Pipal tree at Uruvella (Bodhgaya) on banks of river Niranjana (Falgu).
✅First Sermon: Sarnath (Deer park) on Dharma Chakra Parivarthana to 5 disciples
including Mahakasyapa (first disciple)
✅Mahaparinirvana: At Kushinagar at age of 80.
▪️LITERARY SOURCES:
✅ Ceylonese Chronicles - MAHAVAMSA by Mahanama, DEPAVAMSA and ATTAKATHA
by Wattagamani.
✅Tibetan Chronicles- DIVYAVANDANA-KALACHAKRA
✅TRIPITAKA/ Three baskets of Buddhist scripture -
✅SUTTAPITAKA [sutra related to Buddha and companion]
✅ VINAYPITAKA [monastic rules] and
✅ABHIDHAMPITAKA [Doctrine and philosophy of Buddhism]
✅JATAKA FOLKLORE [stories related to birth of Buddha]/ In Chinese they are called SADOK.
✅MILINDAPANHA [Questions of Milinda that is greek king Meander and answers of
Buddhist monk nagasena]
3 JEWELS OF BUDDHISM (TRIRATNA)
✅Buddha, Dhamma & Sangha.
#revision_notes
#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#Buddism
▪️BUDDHIST SANGHA AND ITS FEATURES:
✅ The oldest prayer place in history where slaves, Insolvents, and diseased were not allowed.
✅There were 64 types of crimes called Pathimokshas, which were prohibited
✅ Women were also allowed to join.
▪️IMPORTANT BUDDHIST SCHOLARS:
✅MOGGALIPUTTA TISSA – launched ASHOKA’S dhamma campaign
✅ASVAGOSHA- wrote BUDDHACHARITA and Sanskrit drama SARIPUTRA PRAKRAN [sariputra the disciple of Buddha]
✅ NAGARJUNA - Founded madhyamik school of mahayanbuddism, gave theory of SUNYAVAD’ EMPTINESS’ and important work include ‘MULAMADHYAMAKAKARIKA’
✅BUDDHAGOSH - most important commentator of Theravada, important work is VISUDDIMAGGA.
✅DHARMAKIRTI - Teacher at Nalanda, called as ‘kant of india’
▪️UNESCO’S HERITAGE SITES RELATED TO BUDDHISM:
1. Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar
2. Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, MP
3. Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya, Bihar
4. Ajanta Caves Aurangabad, Maharashtra
NOTE: Heritage City Development Scheme (HRIDAY) and identification of 3 Buddhist circuits are some of the few initiatives by central government to harness the Buddhist pilgrims to both augment the Tourism and employment opportunities.
#revision_notes
#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#Buddism
✅ The oldest prayer place in history where slaves, Insolvents, and diseased were not allowed.
✅There were 64 types of crimes called Pathimokshas, which were prohibited
✅ Women were also allowed to join.
▪️IMPORTANT BUDDHIST SCHOLARS:
✅MOGGALIPUTTA TISSA – launched ASHOKA’S dhamma campaign
✅ASVAGOSHA- wrote BUDDHACHARITA and Sanskrit drama SARIPUTRA PRAKRAN [sariputra the disciple of Buddha]
✅ NAGARJUNA - Founded madhyamik school of mahayanbuddism, gave theory of SUNYAVAD’ EMPTINESS’ and important work include ‘MULAMADHYAMAKAKARIKA’
✅BUDDHAGOSH - most important commentator of Theravada, important work is VISUDDIMAGGA.
✅DHARMAKIRTI - Teacher at Nalanda, called as ‘kant of india’
▪️UNESCO’S HERITAGE SITES RELATED TO BUDDHISM:
1. Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar
2. Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, MP
3. Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya, Bihar
4. Ajanta Caves Aurangabad, Maharashtra
NOTE: Heritage City Development Scheme (HRIDAY) and identification of 3 Buddhist circuits are some of the few initiatives by central government to harness the Buddhist pilgrims to both augment the Tourism and employment opportunities.
#revision_notes
#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#Buddism