India’s space success
During a discussion in the Lok Sabha on September 21 to commend the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for the success of the Chandrayaan-3 mission, both Treasury and Opposition members claimed credit for India's achievements in space.
📢 Key Points:
Since the 1960s, India's space program has achieved significant success. It began with the launch of its first satellite, Aryabhata, in 1975.
Over the decades, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has conducted numerous satellite launches, developed its own launch vehicles, and embarked on ambitious missions like Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan to explore the moon and Mars, respectively and Aditya L1 to study the Sun.
ISRO has also launched satellites for communication, remote sensing, and navigation, contributing to technological advancements and strengthening India's position as a notable player in the global space community.
During a discussion in the Lok Sabha on September 21 to commend the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for the success of the Chandrayaan-3 mission, both Treasury and Opposition members claimed credit for India's achievements in space.
📢 Key Points:
Since the 1960s, India's space program has achieved significant success. It began with the launch of its first satellite, Aryabhata, in 1975.
Over the decades, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has conducted numerous satellite launches, developed its own launch vehicles, and embarked on ambitious missions like Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan to explore the moon and Mars, respectively and Aditya L1 to study the Sun.
ISRO has also launched satellites for communication, remote sensing, and navigation, contributing to technological advancements and strengthening India's position as a notable player in the global space community.
India, Canada and beyond
Relations between Canada and India are at their lowest ebb and we need a fresh perspective towards states that are bittersweet and hostile to India’s interest.
📢 Key Points:
DPIIT: Canada accounts for 0.56% of the total FDI in India
Canada is home to 5.26% of overseas Indians.
Bilateral trade with Canada accounts for only 0.70% of India’s total trade.
Beyond Canada : States bittersweet to India in recent times-
China: Long history of territorial disputes + military conflicts + Masood Azhar + trade + hostile takeovers
Pakistan: Rivals since their independence in 1947
Bangladesh: Unresolved issues = border disputes + water sharing + illegal immigration + cattle smuggling
Nepal: Trade + border disputes.
Iran: Ongoing US-Iran tensions + Iranian oil + Chabahar Port.
Turkey: Critical of India's policies in Kashmir + Spooked By India-Middle East Corridor.
Relations between Canada and India are at their lowest ebb and we need a fresh perspective towards states that are bittersweet and hostile to India’s interest.
📢 Key Points:
DPIIT: Canada accounts for 0.56% of the total FDI in India
Canada is home to 5.26% of overseas Indians.
Bilateral trade with Canada accounts for only 0.70% of India’s total trade.
Beyond Canada : States bittersweet to India in recent times-
China: Long history of territorial disputes + military conflicts + Masood Azhar + trade + hostile takeovers
Pakistan: Rivals since their independence in 1947
Bangladesh: Unresolved issues = border disputes + water sharing + illegal immigration + cattle smuggling
Nepal: Trade + border disputes.
Iran: Ongoing US-Iran tensions + Iranian oil + Chabahar Port.
Turkey: Critical of India's policies in Kashmir + Spooked By India-Middle East Corridor.
Delimitation in India
The Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam – The Constitution (128th Amendment) Bill, 2023 – was passed by Rajya Sabha.
📢 Key Points:
Delimitation: According to the Election Commission, it is “the act or process of fixing limits/boundaries of territorial constituencies in a country or a province having a legislative body”.
Article 82 and Article 170 of the Constitution empowers the Parliament to readjust the allocation of seats in the Lok Sabha and the Legislative Assemblies of States respectively, after every census.
The Parliament has enacted the Delimitation Commission Acts in 1952, 1962, 1972 and 2002 for this purpose.
The Delimitation Commission is a committee appointed by the President of India, tasked with defining and adjusting the boundaries of various constituencies for state assembly and Lok Sabha elections.
The Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam – The Constitution (128th Amendment) Bill, 2023 – was passed by Rajya Sabha.
📢 Key Points:
Delimitation: According to the Election Commission, it is “the act or process of fixing limits/boundaries of territorial constituencies in a country or a province having a legislative body”.
Article 82 and Article 170 of the Constitution empowers the Parliament to readjust the allocation of seats in the Lok Sabha and the Legislative Assemblies of States respectively, after every census.
The Parliament has enacted the Delimitation Commission Acts in 1952, 1962, 1972 and 2002 for this purpose.
The Delimitation Commission is a committee appointed by the President of India, tasked with defining and adjusting the boundaries of various constituencies for state assembly and Lok Sabha elections.
Green Revolution
M.S. Swaminathan, the legendary agricultural scientist and a key architect of the country’s Green Revolution, passed away at his residence in Chennai on Thursday.
📢 Key Points:
The Green Revolution in India refers to a period of significant agricultural transformation that took place in the country during the 1960s and 1970s.
It was funded by the US and the Indian Government and the Ford and Rockefeller Foundation.
Dr. Swaminathan worked closely for the success of the Green Revolution, a programme that paved the way for a quantum jump in productivity and production of wheat and rice through adoption of chemical-biological technology.
M.S. Swaminathan, the legendary agricultural scientist and a key architect of the country’s Green Revolution, passed away at his residence in Chennai on Thursday.
📢 Key Points:
The Green Revolution in India refers to a period of significant agricultural transformation that took place in the country during the 1960s and 1970s.
It was funded by the US and the Indian Government and the Ford and Rockefeller Foundation.
Dr. Swaminathan worked closely for the success of the Green Revolution, a programme that paved the way for a quantum jump in productivity and production of wheat and rice through adoption of chemical-biological technology.
Private Equity, Venture Capital
Offers for sale by private equity (P/E) and venture capital (VC) firms have been significantly higher than fresh issuances of capital between 2018 and 2023.
📢 Key Points:
Investment partnerships that buy and manage companies before selling them.
Private equity firms operate these investment funds on behalf of institutional and accredited investors. may acquire private companies or public ones in their entirety, or invest in such buyouts as part of a consortium.
They typically do not hold stakes in companies that remain listed on a stock exchange. Often grouped with venture capital and hedge funds as an alternative investment.
Investors are usually required to commit significant capital for years. Access to such investments is limited to institutions and individuals with high net worth.
Offers for sale by private equity (P/E) and venture capital (VC) firms have been significantly higher than fresh issuances of capital between 2018 and 2023.
📢 Key Points:
Investment partnerships that buy and manage companies before selling them.
Private equity firms operate these investment funds on behalf of institutional and accredited investors. may acquire private companies or public ones in their entirety, or invest in such buyouts as part of a consortium.
They typically do not hold stakes in companies that remain listed on a stock exchange. Often grouped with venture capital and hedge funds as an alternative investment.
Investors are usually required to commit significant capital for years. Access to such investments is limited to institutions and individuals with high net worth.
Privileges Committee
Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla has referred the complaints against BJP MP Ramesh Bidhuri, for using abusive language against BSP MP Danish Ali during the Special Session of the Parliament, to the Privileges Committee
📢 Key Points:
According to the Constitution of India, Articles 105 and 122 outline the privileges of Parliament.
Parliamentary privilege refers to rights and immunities enjoyed by Parliament as an institution and MPs in their individual capacity, without which they cannot discharge their functions as entrusted upon them by the Constitution.
The object of parliamentary privilege is to safeguard the freedom, the authority and the dignity of Parliament.
Committee of Privileges: This committee consists of 15 members in Lok Sabha (10 in case of Rajya Sabha) nominated by the Speaker (Chairman in case of Rajya Sabha).
Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla has referred the complaints against BJP MP Ramesh Bidhuri, for using abusive language against BSP MP Danish Ali during the Special Session of the Parliament, to the Privileges Committee
📢 Key Points:
According to the Constitution of India, Articles 105 and 122 outline the privileges of Parliament.
Parliamentary privilege refers to rights and immunities enjoyed by Parliament as an institution and MPs in their individual capacity, without which they cannot discharge their functions as entrusted upon them by the Constitution.
The object of parliamentary privilege is to safeguard the freedom, the authority and the dignity of Parliament.
Committee of Privileges: This committee consists of 15 members in Lok Sabha (10 in case of Rajya Sabha) nominated by the Speaker (Chairman in case of Rajya Sabha).
Caste Survey & Reservation: Case Laws
Bihar government released the report of a caste survey conducted in the State.
Madras High Court has ruled that educational institutionsrun by religious and linguistic minorities need not follow therule of reservation with respect to SC, ST, and OBC.
📢 Key Points:
The report said the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) make up 27.1286% of the population of the State; the Extremely Backward Classes (EBCs) 36.0148%; the Scheduled Castes 19.6518%; and the Scheduled Tribes 1.6824%.
The upper castes make up 15.5224%. Hindus form 81.9986% of the population and Muslims 17.7088%. The total population is over 13 crore.
Article 30 is in consonance with other parts, regulatory measures do not impinge on the rights of the educational institutions guaranteed under Articles 14, 19(1)(g), 25 and 30.
Bihar government released the report of a caste survey conducted in the State.
Madras High Court has ruled that educational institutionsrun by religious and linguistic minorities need not follow therule of reservation with respect to SC, ST, and OBC.
📢 Key Points:
The report said the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) make up 27.1286% of the population of the State; the Extremely Backward Classes (EBCs) 36.0148%; the Scheduled Castes 19.6518%; and the Scheduled Tribes 1.6824%.
The upper castes make up 15.5224%. Hindus form 81.9986% of the population and Muslims 17.7088%. The total population is over 13 crore.
Article 30 is in consonance with other parts, regulatory measures do not impinge on the rights of the educational institutions guaranteed under Articles 14, 19(1)(g), 25 and 30.
MGNREGA
RTI queries have revealed several irregularities in MGNREGS implementation in West Bengal.
📢 Key Points:
MGNREGA is the abbreviation for the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005.
It is a law passed by the Indian government in 2005 that guarantees the "right to work" to rural citizens of India.
Under this, the government assures a minimum of 100 days of unskilled manual work to an adult member of an eligible rural household.
The main objective of the MGNREGA is to provide employment to rural citizens and improve their economic conditions.
Data on the scheme’s website shows that on any given day, some 15 million people work under the programme at 1.4 million sites.
RTI queries have revealed several irregularities in MGNREGS implementation in West Bengal.
📢 Key Points:
MGNREGA is the abbreviation for the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005.
It is a law passed by the Indian government in 2005 that guarantees the "right to work" to rural citizens of India.
Under this, the government assures a minimum of 100 days of unskilled manual work to an adult member of an eligible rural household.
The main objective of the MGNREGA is to provide employment to rural citizens and improve their economic conditions.
Data on the scheme’s website shows that on any given day, some 15 million people work under the programme at 1.4 million sites.
Issues in Centrally Sponsored Schemes
The Trinamool Congress held a protest in Delhi over the Centre stopping the release of funds under MGNREGA & PMAY-G to West Bengal.
📢 Key Points:
Centrally Sponsored Schemes: These are schemes that are funded partially by both the Central and State Governments.
It is a channel which the central government uses to help the states run their plans financially.
The amount of state participation varies from state to state. Their implementation rests on the Union territories and the States.
Criticism: CSS dictate Centers’ agenda and priorities which may not be relevant for states. CSS offers little flexibility for the states.
NITI Aayog’s 2015 Sub-Group of Chief Ministers recommended rationalisation of CSSs.
The Trinamool Congress held a protest in Delhi over the Centre stopping the release of funds under MGNREGA & PMAY-G to West Bengal.
📢 Key Points:
Centrally Sponsored Schemes: These are schemes that are funded partially by both the Central and State Governments.
It is a channel which the central government uses to help the states run their plans financially.
The amount of state participation varies from state to state. Their implementation rests on the Union territories and the States.
Criticism: CSS dictate Centers’ agenda and priorities which may not be relevant for states. CSS offers little flexibility for the states.
NITI Aayog’s 2015 Sub-Group of Chief Ministers recommended rationalisation of CSSs.
National Security Strategy
After years of deliberations in the military and strategic community, India has started the process of bringing in a National Security Strategy.
📢 Key Points:
The National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS) is gathering inputs from various Central ministries and departments to create the strategy before final cabinet approval.
A National Security Strategy outlines the country's security objectives and how to achieve them, defining traditional and non-traditional threats and opportunities.
It provides a holistic view of the overall national security, threats, and the roadmap to address them.
The strategy is expected to include newer challenges and modern threats, such as financial and economic security, food and energy security, information warfare, vulnerabilities in India's critical information infrastructure, and those associated with supply chains and the environment.
Most developed countries with advanced military and security infrastructure have a National Security Strategy in place, with the US, UK, Russia, China, and Pakistan also having such strategies.
After years of deliberations in the military and strategic community, India has started the process of bringing in a National Security Strategy.
📢 Key Points:
The National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS) is gathering inputs from various Central ministries and departments to create the strategy before final cabinet approval.
A National Security Strategy outlines the country's security objectives and how to achieve them, defining traditional and non-traditional threats and opportunities.
It provides a holistic view of the overall national security, threats, and the roadmap to address them.
The strategy is expected to include newer challenges and modern threats, such as financial and economic security, food and energy security, information warfare, vulnerabilities in India's critical information infrastructure, and those associated with supply chains and the environment.
Most developed countries with advanced military and security infrastructure have a National Security Strategy in place, with the US, UK, Russia, China, and Pakistan also having such strategies.
Bhutan King in India
Bhutan's King, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, has arrived in New Delhi to discuss border talks with China.
📢 Key Points:
The 25th round of bilateral border talks between Bhutan and China took place in Beijing last month, with Bhutanese Foreign Minister Tandi Dorji making two declarations that surprised India.
The 25th round of talks was held after a seven-year gap, following the Doklam standoff in 2017.
China blames New Delhi for the failure of its border talks with Bhutan, as only Bhutan and India continue to have a disputed boundary. However, a "three-step roadmap" was signed in 2021 to take the talks forward.
Bhutan's gains include establishing diplomatic ties with a P5 country, which is a unique UN member country with diplomatic relations with only 54 nations.
The speed with which China and Bhutan have made surprising success in their border settlement talks is a major concern for India.
India's concern is the prospect of Beijing forcing Thimphu to acquiesce to Chinese pressure and giving away access or control over the Doklam plateau.
Bhutan's King, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, has arrived in New Delhi to discuss border talks with China.
📢 Key Points:
The 25th round of bilateral border talks between Bhutan and China took place in Beijing last month, with Bhutanese Foreign Minister Tandi Dorji making two declarations that surprised India.
The 25th round of talks was held after a seven-year gap, following the Doklam standoff in 2017.
China blames New Delhi for the failure of its border talks with Bhutan, as only Bhutan and India continue to have a disputed boundary. However, a "three-step roadmap" was signed in 2021 to take the talks forward.
Bhutan's gains include establishing diplomatic ties with a P5 country, which is a unique UN member country with diplomatic relations with only 54 nations.
The speed with which China and Bhutan have made surprising success in their border settlement talks is a major concern for India.
India's concern is the prospect of Beijing forcing Thimphu to acquiesce to Chinese pressure and giving away access or control over the Doklam plateau.
https://www.upscpage.in/2025/07/western-political-thought-op-gauba-pdf.html
If you're a UPSC aspirant searching for the best book on political philosophy, one name often stands out — “Western Political Thought by OP Gauba”. It’s a well-recommended reference book that simplifies complex ideologies and helps aspirants grasp
If you're a UPSC aspirant searching for the best book on political philosophy, one name often stands out — “Western Political Thought by OP Gauba”. It’s a well-recommended reference book that simplifies complex ideologies and helps aspirants grasp
UPSC PAGE FREE PDF AND MORE
Western Political thought OP gauba pdf in Hindi
UPSC PDF NOTES, HAND WRITTEN NOTES,UPSC EXAM MATERIAL, FREE UPCS MATERIAL, UPSC,NCERT BOOKS,CURRENT AFFAIRS,FREE PDF
western political thought o.p. gauba Pdf
Western Political Thought by OP Gauba for UPSC is not just a book, it's a comprehensive intellectual journey into the minds of the greatest thinkers of the Western world. For students opting for Political Science as an optional subject, this book is an absolute gem, offering depth, clarity, and a structured approach to philosophical thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Hegel, Marx, and more.
What makes it stand out for UPSC preparation is its exam-centric content, philosophical relevance, and linkages to modern political ideologies — all crucial for Mains answer writing and interview stage.
Read full post
https://www.upscpage.in/2025/07/western-political-thought-op-gauba-pdf_27.html
Western Political Thought by OP Gauba for UPSC is not just a book, it's a comprehensive intellectual journey into the minds of the greatest thinkers of the Western world. For students opting for Political Science as an optional subject, this book is an absolute gem, offering depth, clarity, and a structured approach to philosophical thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Hegel, Marx, and more.
What makes it stand out for UPSC preparation is its exam-centric content, philosophical relevance, and linkages to modern political ideologies — all crucial for Mains answer writing and interview stage.
Read full post
https://www.upscpage.in/2025/07/western-political-thought-op-gauba-pdf_27.html
UPSC PAGE FREE PDF AND MORE
Western political thought o.p. gauba pdf
UPSC PDF NOTES, HAND WRITTEN NOTES,UPSC EXAM MATERIAL, FREE UPCS MATERIAL, UPSC,NCERT BOOKS,CURRENT AFFAIRS,FREE PDF
For any UPSC aspirant, Indian Polity is a crucial pillar in both Prelims and Mains. Among the dozens of books available, M. Laxmikant’s Polity stands out for its:
Simplicity and lucidity
Structured layout
Alignment with the UPSC syllabus
High success rate among toppers
If you're aiming to master Indian Polity, having the M Laxmikant Polity PDF for UPSC is almost non-negotiable.
Read full Article
https://www.upscpage.in/2025/07/m-laxmikant-polity-pdf-free-download-by.html
Simplicity and lucidity
Structured layout
Alignment with the UPSC syllabus
High success rate among toppers
If you're aiming to master Indian Polity, having the M Laxmikant Polity PDF for UPSC is almost non-negotiable.
Read full Article
https://www.upscpage.in/2025/07/m-laxmikant-polity-pdf-free-download-by.html
UPSC PAGE FREE PDF AND MORE
M laxmikant polity pdf free download by UPSCPAGE.IN
UPSC PDF NOTES, HAND WRITTEN NOTES,UPSC EXAM MATERIAL, FREE UPCS MATERIAL, UPSC,NCERT BOOKS,CURRENT AFFAIRS,FREE PDF
Preparing for the UPSC Civil Services Examination requires a solid grasp of Indian Polity, and Rajesh Mishra Polity Notes for UPSC have emerged as a powerful resource for aspirants. These notes simplify complex political concepts, provide conceptual clarity, and save valuable revision time. If you're serious about cracking the Polity section of Prelims and Mains, these notes can be a game-changer.
In this article, we will explore why Rajesh Mishra Polity Notes are considered high-value material, how to use them effectively, and what makes them unique compared to other standard books like Laxmikanth. We'll also answer common FAQs, provide detailed benefits, and give you practical tips to make the best use of these notes.
Read full post https://www.upscpage.in/2025/08/rajesh-mishra-polity-notes-pdf-free.html
In this article, we will explore why Rajesh Mishra Polity Notes are considered high-value material, how to use them effectively, and what makes them unique compared to other standard books like Laxmikanth. We'll also answer common FAQs, provide detailed benefits, and give you practical tips to make the best use of these notes.
Read full post https://www.upscpage.in/2025/08/rajesh-mishra-polity-notes-pdf-free.html
UPSC PAGE FREE PDF AND MORE
Rajesh Mishra polity notes PDF free download in Hindi
UPSC PDF NOTES, HAND WRITTEN NOTES,UPSC EXAM MATERIAL, FREE UPCS MATERIAL, UPSC,NCERT BOOKS,CURRENT AFFAIRS,FREE PDF
If you're preparing for UPSC CSE, you’ve likely come across the highly recommended book – Western Political Thought by OP Gauba. This resource is considered a goldmine for understanding political ideologies, philosophers, and concepts from ancient Greece to modern political theory. In this guide, we will explore everything you need to know about “OP Gauba Western Political Thought for UPSC” – from content structure to key topics, usefulness in mains and prelims, and smart study strategies.
Read full post.
https://www.upscpage.in/2025/08/op-gauba-western-political-thought-pdf.html
Read full post.
https://www.upscpage.in/2025/08/op-gauba-western-political-thought-pdf.html
UPSC PAGE FREE PDF AND MORE
OP Gauba Western Political Thought PDF
UPSC PDF NOTES, HAND WRITTEN NOTES,UPSC EXAM MATERIAL, FREE UPCS MATERIAL, UPSC,NCERT BOOKS,CURRENT AFFAIRS,FREE PDF
The Essay Paper in the UPSC Civil Services Mains Examination holds significant weight—250 marks to be precise. This paper is often the game-changer for many aspirants. While General Studies papers test your analytical abilities and factual knowledge, the Essay Paper evaluates your articulation, structure, coherence, and originality. To ace this, choosing the best book for essay writing for UPSC is crucial.
Read full post
https://www.upscpage.in/2025/07/best-book-for-essay-writing-for-upsc-by.html
Read full post
https://www.upscpage.in/2025/07/best-book-for-essay-writing-for-upsc-by.html
UPSC PAGE FREE PDF AND MORE
Best Book for Essay writing for upsc by upscpage.in
Best Book for Essay Writing for UPSC | Top Recommendations for 2025
Are you searching for a powerful and easy-to-understand resource to master Indian Polity for UPSC preparation? If yes, the Rajesh Mishra Polity Book for UPSC might just be the perfect companion for your journey. With lakhs of aspirants fighting for limited slots in India’s most prestigious exam, choosing the right polity book is essential for success. Among the vast sea of UPSC materials, Rajesh Mishra’s book has gained popularity for its lucid content, exam-relevant approach, and deep conceptual clarity.
Read full post
https://www.upscpage.in/2025/07/rajesh-mishra-polity-book-pdf-free-for.html
Read full post
https://www.upscpage.in/2025/07/rajesh-mishra-polity-book-pdf-free-for.html
UPSC PAGE FREE PDF AND MORE
rajesh mishra polity book pdf free for UPSC
UPSC PDF NOTES, HAND WRITTEN NOTES,UPSC EXAM MATERIAL, FREE UPCS MATERIAL, UPSC,NCERT BOOKS,CURRENT AFFAIRS,FREE PDF