■ PENNAR RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Also know as Uttara pinakini.

◇ Rises in Chenna Kesava hill of Nandidurg range, in Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka.

◇ Flows in States of Andhra P. And Karnataka.

◇ Tributaries :-

• Left bank - Jayamangali, Kunderu and Sagileru.

• Right bank - Chiravati, Papagni, and Cheyyeru.

◇ Somasila project lies here.

◇ Important town is Nellore.

◇ Flows in Bay of Bengal.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ SUBARNAREKHA RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Originates from Ranchi plateau.

◇ Forms boundary between Bengal and Odisha.

◇ Flows in the States of Jharkhand, Odisha, and Bengal.

◇ Drains into Bay of Bengal.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ BRAHMANI RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Length - 420Km.

◇ Formed with the Confluence of Koel and Sindh rivers.

◇ They join near Rourkela.

◇ Basin is bounded by :-

• Chotanagpur Plateau in North,
• Mahanadi basin in West and South,
• In East by Bay of Bengal.

◇ Flows in States of Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, and Odisha.

◇ Drains into Bay of Bengal.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ PONNAIYAR RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Small stream confined to Coastal areas only.

◇ Flows in the states of Tamil nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra P.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ VAIGAI RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ South of Cauvery Delta, there are several streams of which Vaigai is important.

◇ Vaigai basin is bounded by :-

• Varushanadu, Adipatti, Cardaman and

• Palani hills on West and by Palk strait and Palk bay on East.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ NARMADA RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Largest river of Penisular.

◇ 5th Largest of India.

◇ Rises from Maikala range near Amarkantak in MP.

◇ Bounded by Vindhyas on North, Maikala range on East, Satpura on south and by Arabian sea on West.

◇ Important Tributaries :- Hathni river, Orsang, Barna and Kolar jawa.

◇ Major Hydro power Project in the Basin are Indira sagar, Sardar sarovar, Omkareshwar, Bargi and Maheshwar.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ TAPTI RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Second largest west flowing river of Penisular india.

◇ Originates near Multai Reserve forest in MP.

◇ Flows over Plains of Vidarbha, Khandesh and Gujarat. And Large areas of Maharashtra and small areas in MP and Gujarat.

◇ Tributaries of Tapti river.

• Right bank - Suki, Gomai, Arunavati and the Aner.

• Left bank - Vaghur, Amravati, Buray, Panjhra, Bori, Girna, Purna, Mona, Sipna.

◇ Project on Tapti River :-

• Hathnur dam of Upper tapti Project.(Maharashtra)

• Kakrapar weir and Ukai Dam. (Gujarat)

• Girna Dam and Dahim weir of Girna Project.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

TOPIC 2 - HIMALAYAN RANGES 👇

■ SHIWALIK RANGES.

◇ Lies between Great plains and Lesser himalayas.

◇ Altitude varies between 600 - 1500m.

◇ Runs for distance of 2400km from Potwar plateau (west) to Brahmaputra valley (east).

◇ Souther slope steep while Northern slope Gentle.

◇ Slopes are highly dissected by seasonal steams called Chaos.

□ FORMATION

Shiwaliks are consolidated sands, gravels, conglomerate deposits which brought by Rivers flowing from Higher ranges.

□ DIFFERENT NAMES

◇ Jammu region - Jammu hills.

◇ Arunachal pradesh - Dafla, miri, abor hills.

◇ UK - Dhang range, Dundwa range.

◇ Nepal - Churia ghat hills.

@upsc_geography_notes

■ THE LESSER HIMALAYAS.

◇ Also called - Lower Himalayas.

◇ Lies between shiwaliks in south and Greater himalayas in North.

◇ 60 - 80km wide.

◇ 2400 km length.

◇ Southern slopes - steep and bare and Northern slopes - Gentle and forest covered.

□ IMPORTANT RANGES

◇ Pir panjal range - J & K.

◇ Dhaola dhar range - HP.

◇ Mussorie range and Nag tibba range - UK.

◇ Mahabharat range - Nepal.

▪︎SOURCE - NCERT and D.R. KHULLAR.

▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes

■ GREATER HIMALAYAS.

◇ Aka - Inner himalayas, Central himalayas, Himadri.

◇ Main central thrust seperates the Greater Himalayas from Lesser Himalayas.

◇ Almost all lofty peaks of Himalayas like Mt. Everest, Kanchanjunga, Nanga - parbat, Dhaulagiri etc lies here.

◇ Being lofty they have little Forest are here.

◇ Physical weathering pronounced, Erosion less effective.

□ REGIONAL NAMES OF MT. EVEREST

◇ Sagarmatha - Nepal.

◇ Chomolungma - China ( Tibet )

▪︎SOURCE - NCERT and D.R. KHULLAR.

▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes

■ TRANS - HIMALAYAS.

◇ Lies immediately north of Great himalayan ranges.

◇ also known as Tibetan Himalaya because lies in Tibet.

◇ Average elevation - 3000m.

◇ Average width - 40km in extremities and about 225km in Central part.

◇ Distance of about 1000km in east - west direction.

◇ This contain Tethys sediments. Rocks of this region contain fossil marine sediments but underlain by Tetitiary granite.

◇ The Zaskar, Ladakh, Kailash and Karakoram are main ranges.

◇ K2 lies here.

▪︎SOURCE - NCERT and D.R. KHULLAR.

▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes

TOPIC - CLIMATOLOGY

◾ THE HOT WET EQUITORIAL CLIMATE.


#Geography #Climatology #GS1

▫️ DISTRIBUTION

◇ This type of climate is found between 5° and 10° North and South of equator.


▫️ TEMPERATURE

◇ Uniformity of temperature throughout the year.

◇ Mean monthly temperature - 80°F

◇ No Winter.

◇ Cloudiness and heavy precipitation helps in moderate the daily temperature.


▫️PRECIPITATION

◇ Precipitation heavy between 60 inches and 100 inches and well distributed throughout the layer.

◇ Highest rainfall in April and October just after Equinoxes.


▫️ VEGETATION.

◇ A great variety of Vegetation.

◇ A distinct layer arrangement from air forest appear like a thick canopy of foliage.

◇ Multiple species in Particular areas.



▪︎SOURCE -

📕 CERTIFICATE PHYSICAL AND HUMAN GEOGRAPHY by GC LEONG.

▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes

⬛ TROPICAL MONSOON CLIMATE.

#geography #climatology #GS1

◾ DISTRIBUTION

◇ Some parts of world experience seasonal winds like land and sea breezes but on larger scale.

◇ These are Tropical monsoon lands with on-shore wet monsoons in summer and off-shore dry monsoons in winter.

◇ Best developed in Burma,Thailand, Laos,Cambodia,parts of vietnam and south china.

◾CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

◇ In summer sun is overhead at the tropic of cancer, the land masses of northern hemisphere heated.

◇ A low pressure is set up in Central asia.

◇ At the same time Southern hemisphere experiences a winter and a region of high pressure created.

◇ Winds blows outwards as the south - east monsoon and after crossing the equator are drawn towards continental low pressure area reaching Indian sub-continent.

◾SEASONS OF TROPICAL MONSOON CLIMATE

◇ Cool, dry season. ( oct to Feb )

◇ Hot dry season. ( March to mid june )

◇ Rainy season ( mid - june to September)


▪︎SOURCE :- 📕 G.C. LEONG.

▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes

◾ SUDAN OR SAVANNA CLIMATE.

▫️ DISTRIBUTION

◇ Transitional type of climate found between Equitorial forests and Trade wind hot deserts.

◇ Best developed in Sudan hence named Sudan climate.

▫️ CLIMATE OF SUDAN TYPE

◇ Rainfall

• Sudan type of climate characterized by an Alternate hot, rainy season and cool, dry season.

• In the Northern hemisphere, the hot, rainy season normally begins in May and lasts until September.

•In the southern hemisphere, Rainy season from october to march.

◇ Temperature

• Temperature ranges between 70°F and 90°F for lowland stations.

• An annual temperature range of 20°F is typical.

◇ Winds

• Trade winds bring rain to coastal district.

• Strongest in summer but dry by the time reaches Continental interiors or western coasts of Continents.

▫️VEGETATION

• Landscape has tall grass and short trees. The term Parkland or bush - veld used to describe that.

• The trees are deciduous, shedding their leaves in cool, dry season.

▪︎SOURCE - 📕 G.C. Leong.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ HOT DESERT AND MID - LATITUDE DESERT CLIMATE.


□ DISTRIBUTION

◇ Desert are regions of scanty rainfall which may be hot like hot deserts of saharan type or temperate as are the mid-latitude deserts like Gobi.

◇ Aridity due to effects of off-shore Trade winds, hence called Trade wind deserts.

◇ Temperate deserts rainless because of their interior location in Temperate latitudes, well away from rain bearing winds.

◇ Hot deserts of world are located on western coasts of Continents between 15° and 30°N and S.

◇ Example - Sahara and Australian deserts.

□ CLIMATE.

◇ Rainfall

• Few deserts whether hot or mid - latitude have annual precipitation of more than 10 inches.

◇ Temperature

• Average summer temperature is around 86°F.

• No Cold season in Hot deserts.

◇ Vegetation

• Vegetation of both hot and mid-latitude deserts is Xerophytic or drought resistant scrub.

• Plants exist have highly specialized means of adapting themselves to arid environment.

▪︎ SOURCE - G.C. LEONG.📕

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ THE WARM TEMPERATE WESTERN MARGIN CLIMATE.

□ DISTRIBUTION.

◇ Confined to western portion of Continental masses, between 30° and 45° N and S of equator.

◇ This climate is due to shifting of wind belts.

□ CLIMATE.

◇ A dry summer climate with off shore trades.

• Summer months with high temperature ex- 76°F in Rome though highest temperature experinced in interiors of Balkan penisula.

• Elsewhere in central chile, south africa and mediterranean australia due to coastal position the temperature around 70°F.

◇ A concentration of rainfall in winter with on-shore westerlies.

• Mediterranean receive most of the rain in winter.

• Mean annual temperature is normally 25 inches.

• Rain comes in heavy showers and only on few days with bright sunny periods.

◇ Prominence of local winds around the sea.

• Sirocco - This is hot, dry, dusty wind which originates in Sahara desert.

• Mistral - Cold wind from north, rushing down the rhone valley in violent gusts.

▪︎SOURCE - G.C. LEONG.📕

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ TEMPERATE CONTINENTAL (STEPPE) CLIMATE.

□ DISTRIBUTION.

◇ Bordering deserts, away from mediterranean regions and in the interiors of continents are Temperate grasslands.

◇ In the northern hemisphere, grasslands are far more extensive and continental.

◇ In Eurasia they are called the steppes.

◇ In North america, the grasslands are quite extensive and called Prairies.

◇ In Southern hemisphere due to narrowness of temperate portions of continents, grasslands are less continental.

◽CLIMATE.

◇ Temperature.

• Located in heart of continents means that they have little maritime influence.

• Summers are very warm - 66° in winnipeg for july.

• winters cold due to distance from sea.

• In southern hemisphere the climate is never severe.

• Annual temperature is great because of Continentality.

◇ Precipitation.

• In the continental position the annual rain of steppe climate can be expected to be light.

• Average rainfall may be taken as about 20 inches.

▪︎SOURCE - G.C.LEONG.📕

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ WARM TEMPERATE EASTERN MARGIN (CHINA) CLIMATE.

▫️DISTRIBUTION

◇ On eastern margin of continents in warm temperate latitudes.

◇ It is climate of most part of china so called China type climate.

◇ In S.E. USA bordering Gulf of mexico, continental heating in summer induces an inflow of air from cooler atlantic ocean. Thus climate resembles china type.

◇ In southern hemisphere this type of climate experienced in eastern continents of all three continents.

▫️CLIMATE.

◇ Temperature.

• Typified by a warm moist summer and Cool, dry winters.

• Mean monthly temperature - 40°F and 78°F.

◇ Rainfall.

• Rainfall is more than moderate, anything from 25 inches to 60 inches.

• Uniform distribution of rainfall throughout the year.

▫️CROPPING PATTERNS.

◇ South - east china - Rice, tea, mulberries, sericulture.

◇ South - eastern USA - widespread cultivation of maize and cotton in the corn and cotton belts of U.S.A.

◇ South - America - Coffe, maize and dairying.

▪︎ SOURCE - G.C.LEONG.📕

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ COOL TEMEPERATE WESTERN MARGIN (BRITISH) TYPE CLIMATE.

□ DISTRIBUTION.

◇ Europe

• Most pronounced in and around Britain.

• Climatic belt stretches far inland into the lowlands of N-W europe.

◇ N.America.

• Confined mainly to the coastlands of British Columbia.

◇ Southern Hemisphere

• Climate is experienced in S.Chile, S.Australia, Tasmania, and most part of Newzealand.

□ CLIMATE.

◇ Temperature.

• Mean annual temperature - b/w 5° and 15°C.

• Winters abnormally mild because of warming effect of North atlantic drift.

◇ Rainfall

• Adequate rainfall throughout the year with a tendency towards a slight winter maximum.

◇ Seasons

• There are four distinct season :-

1. Winter is the season of cloudy skies, foggy and misty mornings.

2. Spring is the driest and most refreshing season.

3. Spring followed by Long, sunny summer.

4. Next is Autumn with the roar of Gusty winds, and the cycle repeats itself.

▪︎SOURCE - G.C. Leong.📕

▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes