🚨🚨Important announcement !! Geography Enrichment (GEO 300+) cum Test Series | Mains 2026 Program | Batch Starts: 15th September batch
Component 1:
☘️ Revise Syllabus with 300+ Qs
☘️ Based upon PYQ & Current Affair Themes
☘️ 50+ Enrichment Sessions
☘️ Integration of Thinkers, Case Studies etc
☘️ Hand written model answers
Component 2:
👉10 Sectional & 4 Full Length Tests
👉 Handwritten Model Answers
👉 Personalised mentorship by Shikha Ma’am.
👉 Guaranteed Evaluation in 3-4 Days
[CLICK HERE - HEAR OUT LOUD from AIR 67 - Farkhanda Qureshi]
👉Demo classes GEO 300+
Session 1
Session 2
Session 3
Register at: https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/geography-enrichment-program-geo-300-2026-15-september
For Queries, Call us at 9311082312 or fill the form at: https://forms.gle/dqijMWGvTa3BCU3N6
Component 1:
☘️ Revise Syllabus with 300+ Qs
☘️ Based upon PYQ & Current Affair Themes
☘️ 50+ Enrichment Sessions
☘️ Integration of Thinkers, Case Studies etc
☘️ Hand written model answers
Component 2:
👉10 Sectional & 4 Full Length Tests
👉 Handwritten Model Answers
👉 Personalised mentorship by Shikha Ma’am.
👉 Guaranteed Evaluation in 3-4 Days
[CLICK HERE - HEAR OUT LOUD from AIR 67 - Farkhanda Qureshi]
👉Demo classes GEO 300+
Session 1
Session 2
Session 3
Register at: https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/geography-enrichment-program-geo-300-2026-15-september
For Queries, Call us at 9311082312 or fill the form at: https://forms.gle/dqijMWGvTa3BCU3N6
■ MAIZE
#Agriculture
◇ Maize is a food as well as fodder crop sown under semi-arid climatic conditions and over inferior soils.
◇ This crop occupies only about 3.6% of the total cropped area.
◇ It can be used for the production of starch. Maize has oil extracts that can be converted to ethanol or biodiesel. Alcoholic beverages can also be produced using maize.
◇ The U.S.A is the largest producer of maize in the world and contributes nearly 35% of the total production in the world.
◇ In India, maize is the third most important food crop after rice and wheat and its production is likely to be 2.23 MT (2012-13) mainly during kharif season.
◇ The prominent maize growing states are Andhra Pradesh (20.9%), Karnataka (16.5%), Rajasthan
(9.9%), Maharashtra (9.1%), and Bihar (8.9%).
▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes
#Agriculture
◇ Maize is a food as well as fodder crop sown under semi-arid climatic conditions and over inferior soils.
◇ This crop occupies only about 3.6% of the total cropped area.
◇ It can be used for the production of starch. Maize has oil extracts that can be converted to ethanol or biodiesel. Alcoholic beverages can also be produced using maize.
◇ The U.S.A is the largest producer of maize in the world and contributes nearly 35% of the total production in the world.
◇ In India, maize is the third most important food crop after rice and wheat and its production is likely to be 2.23 MT (2012-13) mainly during kharif season.
◇ The prominent maize growing states are Andhra Pradesh (20.9%), Karnataka (16.5%), Rajasthan
(9.9%), Maharashtra (9.1%), and Bihar (8.9%).
▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes
SAMBHAV 2026 - Prelims Umbrella Program ||18 SEP Batch 🔥
🔓 UNLOCK your TICKET to MAINS| Sunya IAS | GS & CSAT
🚨OFFER : 9999/- (~11,999~ )VALID TILL 17th Sep
Special offers for existing Sunya Students
All Prelims Programs, with multiple objectives but a SINGLE SCHEDULE & PERSONAL MENTOR Support!
What you will Get?: CLICK HERE
A RIGHT DECISION - can change it!
Find Details at: https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/sambhav-2026
For more information or to Connect with the Mentor, Fill the form at: https://forms.gle/4iz9DzaMxfikUXoAA
CONTACT US AT: 9311470635
🔓 UNLOCK your TICKET to MAINS| Sunya IAS | GS & CSAT
🚨OFFER : 9999/- (
Special offers for existing Sunya Students
All Prelims Programs, with multiple objectives but a SINGLE SCHEDULE & PERSONAL MENTOR Support!
What you will Get?: CLICK HERE
A RIGHT DECISION - can change it!
Find Details at: https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/sambhav-2026
For more information or to Connect with the Mentor, Fill the form at: https://forms.gle/4iz9DzaMxfikUXoAA
CONTACT US AT: 9311470635
"Confident about your CSAT prep? Let’s break that myth!"
You may have mugged up FORMULAS, but don't be fooled. It doesn't guarantee you're fully prepared for UPSC CSAT.
UPSC's CSAT isn't just about mugging up; it requires a different kind of preparation altogether. What works for other exams won't necessarily work here.
You need the right aptitude, but more importantly, the right UPSC aptitude.
Come study the CONCEPTS of CSAT by the IITians and approach UPSC the right way."
OFFER PRICE: Rs 2599/-
Register at (or Watch Demo Videos): https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/csat-course-2026-by-iitians-19-september
For any query, reach us at: https://forms.gle/NUCUZERzayZm9b159
Telegram @CsatSunyaIAS
You may have mugged up FORMULAS, but don't be fooled. It doesn't guarantee you're fully prepared for UPSC CSAT.
UPSC's CSAT isn't just about mugging up; it requires a different kind of preparation altogether. What works for other exams won't necessarily work here.
You need the right aptitude, but more importantly, the right UPSC aptitude.
Come study the CONCEPTS of CSAT by the IITians and approach UPSC the right way."
OFFER PRICE: Rs 2599/-
Register at (or Watch Demo Videos): https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/csat-course-2026-by-iitians-19-september
For any query, reach us at: https://forms.gle/NUCUZERzayZm9b159
Telegram @CsatSunyaIAS
■ PULSES
#Agriculture
◇ Pulses are legume crops which increase the natural fertility of soils through nitrogen fixation.
◇ Further, they are also rich sources of protein. Gram and tur are the main pulses cultivated in India.
◇ India is the leading producer of pulses and accounts for about one-fifth of total production of pulses in the world.
◇ Madhya Pradesh is the leading producer of pulses followed by Rajasthan, Maharashtra,
Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka.
• Gram: Gram is a rainfed crop cultivated during rabi season in central, western, and northwestern parts of the country. At present, gram covers only about 2.8% of the total cropped area in the country.
• Black Gram (Urad): Urad can be cultivated as both kharif and rabi crops.
• Green Gram (Moong): Moong can be cultivated as both kharif and rabi crops.
• Tur: Tur is the second most important pulse crop in the country. It is also known as red gram or pigeon pea.
▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes
#Agriculture
◇ Pulses are legume crops which increase the natural fertility of soils through nitrogen fixation.
◇ Further, they are also rich sources of protein. Gram and tur are the main pulses cultivated in India.
◇ India is the leading producer of pulses and accounts for about one-fifth of total production of pulses in the world.
◇ Madhya Pradesh is the leading producer of pulses followed by Rajasthan, Maharashtra,
Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka.
• Gram: Gram is a rainfed crop cultivated during rabi season in central, western, and northwestern parts of the country. At present, gram covers only about 2.8% of the total cropped area in the country.
• Black Gram (Urad): Urad can be cultivated as both kharif and rabi crops.
• Green Gram (Moong): Moong can be cultivated as both kharif and rabi crops.
• Tur: Tur is the second most important pulse crop in the country. It is also known as red gram or pigeon pea.
▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes
■ SOURCES OF EARTH’S HEAT [PART 1]
#interiorofearth
1. Radioactive decay
◇ The high temperature below the crust is attributed to the disintegration of the radioactive substances.
◇ The nuclear decay happens primarily in the crust and the mantle.
◇ Scientists believe that uranium could become sufficiently concentrated at the base of Earth’s mantle to ignite self-sustained nuclear fission, as in a human-made reactor.
◇ The new measurements suggest radioactive decay provides more than half of Earth's total heat.
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
#interiorofearth
1. Radioactive decay
◇ The high temperature below the crust is attributed to the disintegration of the radioactive substances.
◇ The nuclear decay happens primarily in the crust and the mantle.
◇ Scientists believe that uranium could become sufficiently concentrated at the base of Earth’s mantle to ignite self-sustained nuclear fission, as in a human-made reactor.
◇ The new measurements suggest radioactive decay provides more than half of Earth's total heat.
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
■ SOURCES OF EARTH’S HEAT [PART 2]
#interiorofearth
2. Primordial heat
◇ Heat left over from Earth's formation known as the primordial heat.
◇ Primordial heat is the kinetic energy transferred to Earth by external impacts of comets and meteorites and the subsequent effects (friction caused by sinking of heavy elements like Fe, rising light elements like Si) and latent heat of crystallisation released as the core solidified.
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
#interiorofearth
2. Primordial heat
◇ Heat left over from Earth's formation known as the primordial heat.
◇ Primordial heat is the kinetic energy transferred to Earth by external impacts of comets and meteorites and the subsequent effects (friction caused by sinking of heavy elements like Fe, rising light elements like Si) and latent heat of crystallisation released as the core solidified.
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
■ SEISMIC WAVES.
#interiorofearth
◇ Seismic: relating to earthquakes or other vibrations of the earth and its crust.
◇ Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and large human-made explosions.
◇ The refraction or reflection of seismic waves is used for research into the structure of the Earth's interior.
◇ The terms seismic waves and earthquake waves are often used interchangeably.
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
#interiorofearth
◇ Seismic: relating to earthquakes or other vibrations of the earth and its crust.
◇ Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and large human-made explosions.
◇ The refraction or reflection of seismic waves is used for research into the structure of the Earth's interior.
◇ The terms seismic waves and earthquake waves are often used interchangeably.
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
■ HOW ARE EARTHQUAKE WAVES PRODUCED ?
#interiorofearth
◇ The abrupt release of energy along a fault (sharp break in the crustal layer) causes earthquake waves. Rock layers along a fault tend to move in opposite directions due to the force excreted on them but are held in place by counteracting frictional force exerted by the overlying rock strata.
◇ The pressure on the rock layers builds up over a period and overcomes the frictional force resulting in a sudden movement generating shockwaves (seismic waves) that travel in all directions.
◇ The point where the energy is released is called the focus or the hypocentre of an earthquake. The point on the surface directly above the focus is called epicentre. An instrument called ‘seismograph’ records the waves reaching the surface.
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
#interiorofearth
◇ The abrupt release of energy along a fault (sharp break in the crustal layer) causes earthquake waves. Rock layers along a fault tend to move in opposite directions due to the force excreted on them but are held in place by counteracting frictional force exerted by the overlying rock strata.
◇ The pressure on the rock layers builds up over a period and overcomes the frictional force resulting in a sudden movement generating shockwaves (seismic waves) that travel in all directions.
◇ The point where the energy is released is called the focus or the hypocentre of an earthquake. The point on the surface directly above the focus is called epicentre. An instrument called ‘seismograph’ records the waves reaching the surface.
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
■ TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES OR EARTHQUAKE WAVES.
#interiorofearth
The seismic waves or earthquake waves are basically of two types —
◇ Body waves and
◇ Surface waves.
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
#interiorofearth
The seismic waves or earthquake waves are basically of two types —
◇ Body waves and
◇ Surface waves.
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
■ BODY WAVES
#interiorofearth
Body waves are generated due to the release of energy at the focus and move in all directions travelling through the interior of the earth. Hence, the name body waves.
There are two types of body waves:-
◇ Primary - waves.
◇ Secondary - waves.
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes.
#interiorofearth
Body waves are generated due to the release of energy at the focus and move in all directions travelling through the interior of the earth. Hence, the name body waves.
There are two types of body waves:-
◇ Primary - waves.
◇ Secondary - waves.
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes.
■ SHIWALIK RANGES.
◇ Lies between Great plains and Lesser himalayas.
◇ Altitude varies between 600 - 1500m.
◇ Runs for distance of 2400km from Potwar plateau (west) to Brahmaputra valley (east).
◇ Souther slope steep while Northern slope Gentle.
◇ Slopes are highly dissected by seasonal steams called Chaos.
□ FORMATION
Shiwaliks are consolidated sands, gravels, conglomerate deposits which brought by Rivers flowing from Higher ranges.
□ DIFFERENT NAMES
◇ Jammu region - Jammu hills.
◇ Arunachal pradesh - Dafla, miri, abor hills.
◇ UK - Dhang range, Dundwa range.
◇ Nepal - Churia ghat hills.
◇ Lies between Great plains and Lesser himalayas.
◇ Altitude varies between 600 - 1500m.
◇ Runs for distance of 2400km from Potwar plateau (west) to Brahmaputra valley (east).
◇ Souther slope steep while Northern slope Gentle.
◇ Slopes are highly dissected by seasonal steams called Chaos.
□ FORMATION
Shiwaliks are consolidated sands, gravels, conglomerate deposits which brought by Rivers flowing from Higher ranges.
□ DIFFERENT NAMES
◇ Jammu region - Jammu hills.
◇ Arunachal pradesh - Dafla, miri, abor hills.
◇ UK - Dhang range, Dundwa range.
◇ Nepal - Churia ghat hills.
#Wildlife_sanctuaries
■ KISHANPUR WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
◇ The Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary is a part of the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve near Mailani in Uttar Pradesh.
◇ Fauna includes : Tiger, Leopard, swamp deer, Hog deer, barking deer, Bengal Florican, lesser florican etc
■ KISHANPUR WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
◇ The Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary is a part of the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve near Mailani in Uttar Pradesh.
◇ Fauna includes : Tiger, Leopard, swamp deer, Hog deer, barking deer, Bengal Florican, lesser florican etc
#Wildlife_Sanctuaries
Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary
▪️ The Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is an animal sanctuary in Wayanad, and it's second largest wildlife sanctuary in Kerala.
▪️ A variety of large wild animals such as Indian bison, elephant, deer and tiger are found there.
▪️ It is an integral part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, bounded by protected area network of Nagarhole and Bandipur of Karnataka in the northeast, and on the southeast by Mudumalai of Tamil Nadu.
▪️ Wayanad district has the largest population of Adivasi in Kerala. Scheduled tribes here include Paniyas, Kurumas, Adiyans, Kurichiyas, Ooralis and Kattunaikkans.
▪️ Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the safest havens for different species of vultures like the White-rumped Vultures and the Red-headed Vultures.
Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary
▪️ The Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is an animal sanctuary in Wayanad, and it's second largest wildlife sanctuary in Kerala.
▪️ A variety of large wild animals such as Indian bison, elephant, deer and tiger are found there.
▪️ It is an integral part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, bounded by protected area network of Nagarhole and Bandipur of Karnataka in the northeast, and on the southeast by Mudumalai of Tamil Nadu.
▪️ Wayanad district has the largest population of Adivasi in Kerala. Scheduled tribes here include Paniyas, Kurumas, Adiyans, Kurichiyas, Ooralis and Kattunaikkans.
▪️ Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the safest havens for different species of vultures like the White-rumped Vultures and the Red-headed Vultures.
#Wildlife_sanctuaries
Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary
▪️ The Mudumalai National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary also a declared tiger reserve, lies on the northwestern side of the Nilgiri Hills (Blue Mountains), in Nilgiri District, Tamilnadu.
▪️ It shares its boundaries with the states of Karnataka and Kerala and also joins eastern ghats and western Ghats
▪️ The protected area is home to several endangered and vulnerable species including Indian elephant, Bengal tiger, gaur and Indian leopard and including critically endangered Indian white-rumped vulture and long-billed vulture
▪️ Construction activities of the proposed India-based Neutrino Observatory at Singara, Masinagudi, are likely to have significant impacts on the local wildlife.
Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary
▪️ The Mudumalai National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary also a declared tiger reserve, lies on the northwestern side of the Nilgiri Hills (Blue Mountains), in Nilgiri District, Tamilnadu.
▪️ It shares its boundaries with the states of Karnataka and Kerala and also joins eastern ghats and western Ghats
▪️ The protected area is home to several endangered and vulnerable species including Indian elephant, Bengal tiger, gaur and Indian leopard and including critically endangered Indian white-rumped vulture and long-billed vulture
▪️ Construction activities of the proposed India-based Neutrino Observatory at Singara, Masinagudi, are likely to have significant impacts on the local wildlife.
#Wildlife_Sanctuaries
Tal Chappar Wildlife Sanctuary
▪️ Tal Chhapar Sanctuary is a sanctuary located in the Churu district of Rajasthan.
▪️ It is known for blackbucks and is also home to a variety of birds
▪️ It lies on the passageway of many migratory birds such as harriers, sparrow etc.
▪️The forest of this region falls under major group "Tropical Forest" as per classifications of Indian forests by Champion & Seth
▪️ In the Tal Chhapar Sanctuary, a special type of grass is found. This grass is called Mothiya locally, The shape of the seed of this grass is like very fine round shaped pearls. Mothiya has a very sweet taste. People enjoy eating it
Tal Chappar Wildlife Sanctuary
▪️ Tal Chhapar Sanctuary is a sanctuary located in the Churu district of Rajasthan.
▪️ It is known for blackbucks and is also home to a variety of birds
▪️ It lies on the passageway of many migratory birds such as harriers, sparrow etc.
▪️The forest of this region falls under major group "Tropical Forest" as per classifications of Indian forests by Champion & Seth
▪️ In the Tal Chhapar Sanctuary, a special type of grass is found. This grass is called Mothiya locally, The shape of the seed of this grass is like very fine round shaped pearls. Mothiya has a very sweet taste. People enjoy eating it
■ THE LESSER HIMALAYAS.
◇ Also called - Himalayas and Lower Himalayas.
◇ Lies between shiwaliks in south and Greater himalayas in North.
◇ 60 - 80km wide.
◇ 2400 km length.
◇ Southern slopes - steep and bare and Northern slopes - Gentle and forest covered.
□ IMPORTANT RANGES
◇ Pir panjal range - J & K.
◇ Dhaola dhar range - HP.
◇ Mussorie range and Nag tibba range - UK.
◇ Mahabharat range - Nepal.
▪︎Join - @upsc_geography_notes
◇ Also called - Himalayas and Lower Himalayas.
◇ Lies between shiwaliks in south and Greater himalayas in North.
◇ 60 - 80km wide.
◇ 2400 km length.
◇ Southern slopes - steep and bare and Northern slopes - Gentle and forest covered.
□ IMPORTANT RANGES
◇ Pir panjal range - J & K.
◇ Dhaola dhar range - HP.
◇ Mussorie range and Nag tibba range - UK.
◇ Mahabharat range - Nepal.
▪︎Join - @upsc_geography_notes
"Opportunity knocks at the door only once"..🤗
Get 45+ Years PYQs for just ₹ 21/-
UPSC Prelims PYQs (1979-2025) Check here (Dashboard)
Download App :
📲 Android : Click here | iOS Link : Click here
Get 45+ Years PYQs at just ₹21 | offer valid for first 100 students
https://t.me/DelhiUpscSecrets_official (Join)
Get 45+ Years PYQs for just ₹ 21/-
UPSC Prelims PYQs (1979-2025) Check here (Dashboard)
Download App :
📲 Android : Click here | iOS Link : Click here
Get 45+ Years PYQs at just ₹21 | offer valid for first 100 students
https://t.me/DelhiUpscSecrets_official (Join)