■ GODAVARI RIVER.

◇ Largest river of Penisular India. Length - 1465Km.

◇ aka - Dakshin Ganga.

◇ Rises from Timbakeshwar in the Nashik district of Maharashtra.

◇ States - Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra, Chattisgarh, Odisha, MP, Karnataka, Poducherry (UT).

◇ Tributaries :-

• Left Bank - Dharna, Penganga, Wainganga, wardha, panahita, Pench, Sabari, Indravati.

• Right bank - Pravara, Mula, Manjra, Paddavagu, Maner etc

◇ Below Rajahmundry, the River divides into two main streams Gautami Godavari on east and Vashishta Godavari on west.

◇ It forms large delta before pour into Bay of Bengal.

■ KRISHNA RIVER.

◇ Second largest river of Penisular after Godavari.

◇ Flows through Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra and Karnataka.

◇ Rises from western ghats near Jor village of satara district of Maharashtra.

◇ Tributaries :-

• Left bank - Ghataprabha, Malprabha and Tunghbhadra.

• Right bank - Bhima, Musi and Munneru.

◇ It flows into Bay of Bengal.

◇ Krishna basin is known for its D-6 block where Reliance Industries discovered largest Natural gas reserves in 2003.

■ CAUVERY RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Sacred river of South, aka Ganges of South.

◇ Rises at Talakaveri on the Brahmagiri Range, on the Coorg district of Karnataka.

◇ States - T. Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Poducherry.

◇ Tributaries :-

• Left bank - Harangi, Hemavati, Shimsha and Arkavati.

• Right bank - Lakshmantirtha, Kabbani, Suvarnavati, Bhavani, Noyil, Amaravati.

◇ Cauvery drains into Bay of Bengal.

■ PENNAR RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Also know as Uttara pinakini.

◇ Rises in Chenna Kesava hill of Nandidurg range, in Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka.

◇ Flows in States of Andhra P. And Karnataka.

◇ Tributaries :-

• Left bank - Jayamangali, Kunderu and Sagileru.

• Right bank - Chiravati, Papagni, and Cheyyeru.

◇ Somasila project lies here.

◇ Important town is Nellore.

◇ Flows in Bay of Bengal.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ SUBARNAREKHA RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Originates from Ranchi plateau.

◇ Forms boundary between Bengal and Odisha.

◇ Flows in the States of Jharkhand, Odisha, and Bengal.

◇ Drains into Bay of Bengal.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ BRAHMANI RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Length - 420Km.

◇ Formed with the Confluence of Koel and Sindh rivers.

◇ They join near Rourkela.

◇ Basin is bounded by :-

• Chotanagpur Plateau in North,
• Mahanadi basin in West and South,
• In East by Bay of Bengal.

◇ Flows in States of Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, and Odisha.

◇ Drains into Bay of Bengal.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ PONNAIYAR RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Small stream confined to Coastal areas only.

◇ Flows in the states of Tamil nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra P.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ VAIGAI RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ South of Cauvery Delta, there are several streams of which Vaigai is important.

◇ Vaigai basin is bounded by :-

• Varushanadu, Adipatti, Cardaman and

• Palani hills on West and by Palk strait and Palk bay on East.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ NARMADA RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Largest river of Penisular.

◇ 5th Largest of India.

◇ Rises from Maikala range near Amarkantak in MP.

◇ Bounded by Vindhyas on North, Maikala range on East, Satpura on south and by Arabian sea on West.

◇ Important Tributaries :- Hathni river, Orsang, Barna and Kolar jawa.

◇ Major Hydro power Project in the Basin are Indira sagar, Sardar sarovar, Omkareshwar, Bargi and Maheshwar.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ TAPTI RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Second largest west flowing river of Penisular india.

◇ Originates near Multai Reserve forest in MP.

◇ Flows over Plains of Vidarbha, Khandesh and Gujarat. And Large areas of Maharashtra and small areas in MP and Gujarat.

◇ Tributaries of Tapti river.

• Right bank - Suki, Gomai, Arunavati and the Aner.

• Left bank - Vaghur, Amravati, Buray, Panjhra, Bori, Girna, Purna, Mona, Sipna.

◇ Project on Tapti River :-

• Hathnur dam of Upper tapti Project.(Maharashtra)

• Kakrapar weir and Ukai Dam. (Gujarat)

• Girna Dam and Dahim weir of Girna Project.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

TOPIC 2 - HIMALAYAN RANGES 👇

■ SHIWALIK RANGES.

◇ Lies between Great plains and Lesser himalayas.

◇ Altitude varies between 600 - 1500m.

◇ Runs for distance of 2400km from Potwar plateau (west) to Brahmaputra valley (east).

◇ Souther slope steep while Northern slope Gentle.

◇ Slopes are highly dissected by seasonal steams called Chaos.

□ FORMATION

Shiwaliks are consolidated sands, gravels, conglomerate deposits which brought by Rivers flowing from Higher ranges.

□ DIFFERENT NAMES

◇ Jammu region - Jammu hills.

◇ Arunachal pradesh - Dafla, miri, abor hills.

◇ UK - Dhang range, Dundwa range.

◇ Nepal - Churia ghat hills.

@upsc_geography_notes

■ THE LESSER HIMALAYAS.

◇ Also called - Lower Himalayas.

◇ Lies between shiwaliks in south and Greater himalayas in North.

◇ 60 - 80km wide.

◇ 2400 km length.

◇ Southern slopes - steep and bare and Northern slopes - Gentle and forest covered.

□ IMPORTANT RANGES

◇ Pir panjal range - J & K.

◇ Dhaola dhar range - HP.

◇ Mussorie range and Nag tibba range - UK.

◇ Mahabharat range - Nepal.

▪︎SOURCE - NCERT and D.R. KHULLAR.

▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes

■ GREATER HIMALAYAS.

◇ Aka - Inner himalayas, Central himalayas, Himadri.

◇ Main central thrust seperates the Greater Himalayas from Lesser Himalayas.

◇ Almost all lofty peaks of Himalayas like Mt. Everest, Kanchanjunga, Nanga - parbat, Dhaulagiri etc lies here.

◇ Being lofty they have little Forest are here.

◇ Physical weathering pronounced, Erosion less effective.

□ REGIONAL NAMES OF MT. EVEREST

◇ Sagarmatha - Nepal.

◇ Chomolungma - China ( Tibet )

▪︎SOURCE - NCERT and D.R. KHULLAR.

▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes

■ TRANS - HIMALAYAS.

◇ Lies immediately north of Great himalayan ranges.

◇ also known as Tibetan Himalaya because lies in Tibet.

◇ Average elevation - 3000m.

◇ Average width - 40km in extremities and about 225km in Central part.

◇ Distance of about 1000km in east - west direction.

◇ This contain Tethys sediments. Rocks of this region contain fossil marine sediments but underlain by Tetitiary granite.

◇ The Zaskar, Ladakh, Kailash and Karakoram are main ranges.

◇ K2 lies here.

▪︎SOURCE - NCERT and D.R. KHULLAR.

▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes

TOPIC - CLIMATOLOGY

◾ THE HOT WET EQUITORIAL CLIMATE.


#Geography #Climatology #GS1

▫️ DISTRIBUTION

◇ This type of climate is found between 5° and 10° North and South of equator.


▫️ TEMPERATURE

◇ Uniformity of temperature throughout the year.

◇ Mean monthly temperature - 80°F

◇ No Winter.

◇ Cloudiness and heavy precipitation helps in moderate the daily temperature.


▫️PRECIPITATION

◇ Precipitation heavy between 60 inches and 100 inches and well distributed throughout the layer.

◇ Highest rainfall in April and October just after Equinoxes.


▫️ VEGETATION.

◇ A great variety of Vegetation.

◇ A distinct layer arrangement from air forest appear like a thick canopy of foliage.

◇ Multiple species in Particular areas.



▪︎SOURCE -

📕 CERTIFICATE PHYSICAL AND HUMAN GEOGRAPHY by GC LEONG.

▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes

⬛ TROPICAL MONSOON CLIMATE.

#geography #climatology #GS1

◾ DISTRIBUTION

◇ Some parts of world experience seasonal winds like land and sea breezes but on larger scale.

◇ These are Tropical monsoon lands with on-shore wet monsoons in summer and off-shore dry monsoons in winter.

◇ Best developed in Burma,Thailand, Laos,Cambodia,parts of vietnam and south china.

◾CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

◇ In summer sun is overhead at the tropic of cancer, the land masses of northern hemisphere heated.

◇ A low pressure is set up in Central asia.

◇ At the same time Southern hemisphere experiences a winter and a region of high pressure created.

◇ Winds blows outwards as the south - east monsoon and after crossing the equator are drawn towards continental low pressure area reaching Indian sub-continent.

◾SEASONS OF TROPICAL MONSOON CLIMATE

◇ Cool, dry season. ( oct to Feb )

◇ Hot dry season. ( March to mid june )

◇ Rainy season ( mid - june to September)


▪︎SOURCE :- 📕 G.C. LEONG.

▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes

◾ SUDAN OR SAVANNA CLIMATE.

▫️ DISTRIBUTION

◇ Transitional type of climate found between Equitorial forests and Trade wind hot deserts.

◇ Best developed in Sudan hence named Sudan climate.

▫️ CLIMATE OF SUDAN TYPE

◇ Rainfall

• Sudan type of climate characterized by an Alternate hot, rainy season and cool, dry season.

• In the Northern hemisphere, the hot, rainy season normally begins in May and lasts until September.

•In the southern hemisphere, Rainy season from october to march.

◇ Temperature

• Temperature ranges between 70°F and 90°F for lowland stations.

• An annual temperature range of 20°F is typical.

◇ Winds

• Trade winds bring rain to coastal district.

• Strongest in summer but dry by the time reaches Continental interiors or western coasts of Continents.

▫️VEGETATION

• Landscape has tall grass and short trees. The term Parkland or bush - veld used to describe that.

• The trees are deciduous, shedding their leaves in cool, dry season.

▪︎SOURCE - 📕 G.C. Leong.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ HOT DESERT AND MID - LATITUDE DESERT CLIMATE.


□ DISTRIBUTION

◇ Desert are regions of scanty rainfall which may be hot like hot deserts of saharan type or temperate as are the mid-latitude deserts like Gobi.

◇ Aridity due to effects of off-shore Trade winds, hence called Trade wind deserts.

◇ Temperate deserts rainless because of their interior location in Temperate latitudes, well away from rain bearing winds.

◇ Hot deserts of world are located on western coasts of Continents between 15° and 30°N and S.

◇ Example - Sahara and Australian deserts.

□ CLIMATE.

◇ Rainfall

• Few deserts whether hot or mid - latitude have annual precipitation of more than 10 inches.

◇ Temperature

• Average summer temperature is around 86°F.

• No Cold season in Hot deserts.

◇ Vegetation

• Vegetation of both hot and mid-latitude deserts is Xerophytic or drought resistant scrub.

• Plants exist have highly specialized means of adapting themselves to arid environment.

▪︎ SOURCE - G.C. LEONG.📕

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ THE WARM TEMPERATE WESTERN MARGIN CLIMATE.

□ DISTRIBUTION.

◇ Confined to western portion of Continental masses, between 30° and 45° N and S of equator.

◇ This climate is due to shifting of wind belts.

□ CLIMATE.

◇ A dry summer climate with off shore trades.

• Summer months with high temperature ex- 76°F in Rome though highest temperature experinced in interiors of Balkan penisula.

• Elsewhere in central chile, south africa and mediterranean australia due to coastal position the temperature around 70°F.

◇ A concentration of rainfall in winter with on-shore westerlies.

• Mediterranean receive most of the rain in winter.

• Mean annual temperature is normally 25 inches.

• Rain comes in heavy showers and only on few days with bright sunny periods.

◇ Prominence of local winds around the sea.

• Sirocco - This is hot, dry, dusty wind which originates in Sahara desert.

• Mistral - Cold wind from north, rushing down the rhone valley in violent gusts.

▪︎SOURCE - G.C. LEONG.📕

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes