■ BURHI GANDAK.

◇ originates from the western slopes of Someshwar hills near Indo - Nepal border.

◇ It joins Ganges near Monghyr Town.

■ KOSI RIVER.

◇ Consist of Seven streams and popularly known as SaptKaushiki.

◇ Seven streams mingle each other to form three streams known as Tumar, Arun and Sun kosi.

◇ They unite at Triveni to Form Kosi River.

◇ They join Ganga near Kursela.

◇ The channel is braided and shifts its course frequently which Causes devastating Floods. The River is often called Sorrow of Bihar.

◇ A barrage was constructed in 1965 at Hanumangarh at Nepal.

■ PENISULAR RIVER.

● Introduction :-

◇ The Penisular rivers are much older than Himalayan Rivers.

◇ Penisular Rivers are Non - Perennial Rivers.

◇ Rivers have reached their Mature stage and have almost reached the Base level.

◇ Characterised by Broad and shallow valleys.

◇ Water divide in Penisular rivers forms by Western ghats.

◇ Velocity and load carrying capacity is low due to Low gradient.

◇ East flowing rivers make deltas at their mouth while West flowing rivers make Estuaries.

■ MAHANADI RIVER.

◇ Length - 885Km.

◇ Basin extends over the states of Chattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, Maharashtra and MP.

◇ Source - Dandakaranya ( Amarkantaka ) in Raipur district of Chattisgarh.

◇ It enters Odisha plains near Cuttack and enters Bay of Bengal at False point.

◇ Tributaries :-

• Left bank - Seonath, Hasdeo, Mand, Ib.

• Right bank - Ong, tel, Jonk.

◇ Project on Mahanadi River :-

• Hirakud Project.

• Mahanadi delta Project.

• Hasdeo Bango.

• Mahanadi reservoir Project.

■ GODAVARI RIVER.

◇ Largest river of Penisular India. Length - 1465Km.

◇ aka - Dakshin Ganga.

◇ Rises from Timbakeshwar in the Nashik district of Maharashtra.

◇ States - Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra, Chattisgarh, Odisha, MP, Karnataka, Poducherry (UT).

◇ Tributaries :-

• Left Bank - Dharna, Penganga, Wainganga, wardha, panahita, Pench, Sabari, Indravati.

• Right bank - Pravara, Mula, Manjra, Paddavagu, Maner etc

◇ Below Rajahmundry, the River divides into two main streams Gautami Godavari on east and Vashishta Godavari on west.

◇ It forms large delta before pour into Bay of Bengal.

■ KRISHNA RIVER.

◇ Second largest river of Penisular after Godavari.

◇ Flows through Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra and Karnataka.

◇ Rises from western ghats near Jor village of satara district of Maharashtra.

◇ Tributaries :-

• Left bank - Ghataprabha, Malprabha and Tunghbhadra.

• Right bank - Bhima, Musi and Munneru.

◇ It flows into Bay of Bengal.

◇ Krishna basin is known for its D-6 block where Reliance Industries discovered largest Natural gas reserves in 2003.

■ CAUVERY RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Sacred river of South, aka Ganges of South.

◇ Rises at Talakaveri on the Brahmagiri Range, on the Coorg district of Karnataka.

◇ States - T. Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Poducherry.

◇ Tributaries :-

• Left bank - Harangi, Hemavati, Shimsha and Arkavati.

• Right bank - Lakshmantirtha, Kabbani, Suvarnavati, Bhavani, Noyil, Amaravati.

◇ Cauvery drains into Bay of Bengal.

■ PENNAR RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Also know as Uttara pinakini.

◇ Rises in Chenna Kesava hill of Nandidurg range, in Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka.

◇ Flows in States of Andhra P. And Karnataka.

◇ Tributaries :-

• Left bank - Jayamangali, Kunderu and Sagileru.

• Right bank - Chiravati, Papagni, and Cheyyeru.

◇ Somasila project lies here.

◇ Important town is Nellore.

◇ Flows in Bay of Bengal.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ SUBARNAREKHA RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Originates from Ranchi plateau.

◇ Forms boundary between Bengal and Odisha.

◇ Flows in the States of Jharkhand, Odisha, and Bengal.

◇ Drains into Bay of Bengal.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ BRAHMANI RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Length - 420Km.

◇ Formed with the Confluence of Koel and Sindh rivers.

◇ They join near Rourkela.

◇ Basin is bounded by :-

• Chotanagpur Plateau in North,
• Mahanadi basin in West and South,
• In East by Bay of Bengal.

◇ Flows in States of Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, and Odisha.

◇ Drains into Bay of Bengal.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ PONNAIYAR RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Small stream confined to Coastal areas only.

◇ Flows in the states of Tamil nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra P.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ VAIGAI RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ South of Cauvery Delta, there are several streams of which Vaigai is important.

◇ Vaigai basin is bounded by :-

• Varushanadu, Adipatti, Cardaman and

• Palani hills on West and by Palk strait and Palk bay on East.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ NARMADA RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Largest river of Penisular.

◇ 5th Largest of India.

◇ Rises from Maikala range near Amarkantak in MP.

◇ Bounded by Vindhyas on North, Maikala range on East, Satpura on south and by Arabian sea on West.

◇ Important Tributaries :- Hathni river, Orsang, Barna and Kolar jawa.

◇ Major Hydro power Project in the Basin are Indira sagar, Sardar sarovar, Omkareshwar, Bargi and Maheshwar.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ TAPTI RIVER.

#Drainagesystem

◇ Second largest west flowing river of Penisular india.

◇ Originates near Multai Reserve forest in MP.

◇ Flows over Plains of Vidarbha, Khandesh and Gujarat. And Large areas of Maharashtra and small areas in MP and Gujarat.

◇ Tributaries of Tapti river.

• Right bank - Suki, Gomai, Arunavati and the Aner.

• Left bank - Vaghur, Amravati, Buray, Panjhra, Bori, Girna, Purna, Mona, Sipna.

◇ Project on Tapti River :-

• Hathnur dam of Upper tapti Project.(Maharashtra)

• Kakrapar weir and Ukai Dam. (Gujarat)

• Girna Dam and Dahim weir of Girna Project.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

TOPIC 2 - HIMALAYAN RANGES 👇

■ SHIWALIK RANGES.

◇ Lies between Great plains and Lesser himalayas.

◇ Altitude varies between 600 - 1500m.

◇ Runs for distance of 2400km from Potwar plateau (west) to Brahmaputra valley (east).

◇ Souther slope steep while Northern slope Gentle.

◇ Slopes are highly dissected by seasonal steams called Chaos.

□ FORMATION

Shiwaliks are consolidated sands, gravels, conglomerate deposits which brought by Rivers flowing from Higher ranges.

□ DIFFERENT NAMES

◇ Jammu region - Jammu hills.

◇ Arunachal pradesh - Dafla, miri, abor hills.

◇ UK - Dhang range, Dundwa range.

◇ Nepal - Churia ghat hills.

@upsc_geography_notes

■ THE LESSER HIMALAYAS.

◇ Also called - Lower Himalayas.

◇ Lies between shiwaliks in south and Greater himalayas in North.

◇ 60 - 80km wide.

◇ 2400 km length.

◇ Southern slopes - steep and bare and Northern slopes - Gentle and forest covered.

□ IMPORTANT RANGES

◇ Pir panjal range - J & K.

◇ Dhaola dhar range - HP.

◇ Mussorie range and Nag tibba range - UK.

◇ Mahabharat range - Nepal.

▪︎SOURCE - NCERT and D.R. KHULLAR.

▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes

■ GREATER HIMALAYAS.

◇ Aka - Inner himalayas, Central himalayas, Himadri.

◇ Main central thrust seperates the Greater Himalayas from Lesser Himalayas.

◇ Almost all lofty peaks of Himalayas like Mt. Everest, Kanchanjunga, Nanga - parbat, Dhaulagiri etc lies here.

◇ Being lofty they have little Forest are here.

◇ Physical weathering pronounced, Erosion less effective.

□ REGIONAL NAMES OF MT. EVEREST

◇ Sagarmatha - Nepal.

◇ Chomolungma - China ( Tibet )

▪︎SOURCE - NCERT and D.R. KHULLAR.

▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes

■ TRANS - HIMALAYAS.

◇ Lies immediately north of Great himalayan ranges.

◇ also known as Tibetan Himalaya because lies in Tibet.

◇ Average elevation - 3000m.

◇ Average width - 40km in extremities and about 225km in Central part.

◇ Distance of about 1000km in east - west direction.

◇ This contain Tethys sediments. Rocks of this region contain fossil marine sediments but underlain by Tetitiary granite.

◇ The Zaskar, Ladakh, Kailash and Karakoram are main ranges.

◇ K2 lies here.

▪︎SOURCE - NCERT and D.R. KHULLAR.

▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes

TOPIC - CLIMATOLOGY