■ Dibru-Saikhowa National Park

◇ DSNP is a national park in Assam located in Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts.

◇ It was designated a Biosphere Reserve in July 1997 with an area of 765 sq. km.

◇ The park is bounded by the Brahmaputra and Lohit Rivers in the north and the Dibru river in the south.

◇ It mainly consists of moist mixed semi-evergreen forests, moist mixed deciduous forests, canebrakes, and grasslands.

◇ It is the largest Salix swamp forest in north-eastern India, with a tropical monsoon climate with a hot and wet summer and cool and usually dry winter.

 

■PONG DAM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

◇ Maharana Pratap Sagar (Himachal Pradesh). In 1975, Pong dam was built across the Beas River.

◇ It is also called the Pong reservoir or the Maharana Pratap Sagar.

◇ In 1983, the entire reservoir was declared as a Wildlife Sanctuary by the Himachal Pradesh government.

◇ In 1994, the Government of India declared it a “Wetland of National Importance”.

◇ Pong Dam Lake was declared as Ramsar Site in November 2002.

■ CAUVERY RIVER

● Why in News ?

◇ Karnataka is readying itself to wage a legal battle in the Supreme Court against Tamil Nadu’s ambitious Cauvery-Vellaru-Vaigai-Gundar river linking project.

● Prelims Pointers :-

◇ Tamil Nadu is trying to utilise surplus 45 Tmcft of water.

◇ Karnataka Government says, “this project is not in accordance with the Interstate River Water Disputes Act.

◇ According to the Act, surplus water should also be adjudicated and the tribunal has to decide on it.

👇 INDUS RIVER SYSTEM 👇

■ INDUS RIVER.

● Prelims Pointers :-

◇ Length - 2880Km of which 709Km in India.

◇ Originates - From Bokhar chu(Glacier) in northern slope of Mt. Kailash.

◇ It enters India near Damchok.

◇ Flows in India through the Leh district in J&K only.

◇ Enters Pakistan near Chillar in the Dardistan region.

◇ Important Tributaries :-

Right bank - Shyok, Gilgit, Nubra, Kabul.

Left bank - Zaskar, satluj, beas, ravi, chenab, Jhelum.

▪︎SOURCE - NCERT & D.R.KHULLAR

▪︎ @UPSC_GEOGRAPHY_NOTES

■ SATLUJ RIVER

◇ Other names - Satadru or Satudri.

◇ Called Langechan Khambab in Tibet.

◇ Rises from Rakas Lake situated near Mansarovar lake in Tibet.

◇ At the pass of Shipki la it enters HP where it cuts through Zaskar and Himalayan ranges.

◇ Below Bhakra Dam it enters in Punjab plains.

◇ It meets Beas in the south-west corner of Kapurthala.

◇ From Ferozepur to Fazilka it forms boundary between India and Pakistan.

◇ During it onward journey, it receives collective drainage of Ravi, Chenab & Jhelum River.

◇ It joins Indus few Kms above Mithankot.

RIGHT BANK TRIBUTARIES OF GANGES 👇

■ YAMUNA RIVER

◇ Longest and Western-most tributary of Ganges.

◇ Source - Yamunotri Glacier in westernslopes of Banderpunch.

◇ It makes boundary between Delhi and Haryana.

◇ It passes through Delhi, Mathura, Agra and flows southward till joins Ganges in Prayagraj.

◇ It creates highly fertile Alluvial, Yamuna-Ganges Doab region.

◇ Important Tributaries of Yamuna - Chambal, Betwa, ken and Tons.

▪︎ SOURCE - NCERT and D.R. KHULLAR.

▪︎JOIN 👉 @upsc_geography_notes

■ CHAMBAL RIVER

#Drainagesystem

◇ Rises in highlands of Janpao hills in Vindhyan range south of Mhow.

◇ Flows in - MP, Rajasthan(Kota) and UP.

◇ It discharge into Yamuna near Bhareh in UP.

◇ Tributaries :-

• Left bank - Banas and Bej.

• Right bank - Kali, Sind, Parbati, Kunwari.

◇ Dams :-

• Gandhi-Sagar Dam.
• Rana pratap sagar Dam.
• Jawahar Sagar Dam.
• Kota barrage.

▪︎ @upsc_geography_notes

■ BANAS RIVER

◇ Originates at Aravallis in the Khamnor hills near Kumbalgarh.

◇ Joins Chambal on Rajasthan-MP border near Sawai-Madhopur.

◇ Tributaries :-

• Right bank - Berach, Manali

• Left bank - Kothari, Dheel, Sohadara, Morel

◇ Major Dam - Bisalpur

▪︎SOURCE - NCERT and D.R. KHULLAR.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ BETWA RIVER

◇ Rises in Bhopal (Vindhyan range) and joins Yamuna near Hamirpur

◇ Dhasan is its important tributaries.

◇ Ken - Betwa link

• It is a project proposed to transfer excess water from the River Ken to the Betwa basin through the use of a concrete canal.

• The project aims to provide irrigation to the Bundelkhand region, which is one of the worst drought-affected areas in India. The beneficiary states are Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

■ KEN RIVER

◇ Originates from Barner range of MP.

◇ It makes through Panna dist. (MP) where it makes gorge at Gangau.

◇ Joins Yamuna river in Banda dist. in UP.

◇ Ken - Betwa link

• It is a project proposed to transfer excess water from the River Ken to the Betwa basin through the use of a concrete canal.

• The project aims to provide irrigation to the Bundelkhand region, which is one of the worst drought-affected areas in India. The beneficiary states are Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

■ SON RIVER

◇ Origin - Maikal hills (Vindhyanchal range, Anuppur district – Madhya Pradesh).

◇ Flows in MP, UP and Bihar.

◇ Dams - Bansagar Dam, Indrapuri Dam.

◇ River sone joins Ganges near Patna.

◇ Tributaries : -

• Rihand River • Johila River

• Kanhar River • North koel River

• Gopad River • Chhoti Mahanadi River.

■ DAMODAR RIVER

◇ Rises in Chotanagpur Plateau.

◇ Rich in Mineral resources. Valley has Mining and Industrial activity.

◇ Valley is called Ruhr of India because of several dams which have been constructed for generation of Power.

◇ It used to cause floods as a result got name Sorrow of Bengal.

◇ Tributaries :-

• Barakar • Konar • Bokaro etc

◇ It joins Hugli below Kolkata.

■ RAMGANGA.

◇ Rises in Garhwal district of UK.

◇ River deflects to the South west by shiwaliks.

◇ Emerge in Ganga plain in Najibabad.

◇ The Khoh, the Gangan, the Aril, the Kosi, and the Deoha (Gorra) are important tributaries of Ramganga.

◇ Joins River Ganga in Hardoi district opposite of Kannauj.

■ GHAGHRA RIVER

#Drainagesystem

◇ Also know as Kuriala in Nepal Himalayas.

◇ Originates near Gurla Mandhata peak, south of Mansarovar in Tibet.

◇ Tributaries :-

• Sarda • Sarayu • Rapti

◇ Passing through Ayodhya and Faizabad town, it joins River Ganges at Chapra near Ballia Town.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ KALI RIVER

◇ Also know as Sharda river.

◇ originates at Kalapani in the Himalayas in the Pithoragarh district in Uttarakhand.

◇ It forms boundary between Nepal and Kumaun.

◇ It discharges in Ghagra river in UP.

◇ River Projects :-

• Tanakpur hydro-electric project.

• Chameliya hydro-electric project.

• Sharda Barrage Project.

◇ Kalapani dispute :-

• The Treaty of Sugauli signed by the Kingdom of Nepal and British India (after Anglo-Nepalese War) in 1816 located the Kali River as Nepal's western boundary with India.

• The discrepancy in locating the source of the river led to boundary disputes between India and Nepal, with each country producing maps supporting their own claims.

■ GANDAK RIVER.

◇ Originates at the Nhubine Himal Glacier in the Mustang region of Nepal. 

◇ Tributaries :-

• Kali gandak • Mayangadi • Bari • Trishuli

◇ Enters Great plains of India in Champaran district of Bihar.

◇ Flows into Ganges at Hajipur in Bihar.

■ BURHI GANDAK.

◇ originates from the western slopes of Someshwar hills near Indo - Nepal border.

◇ It joins Ganges near Monghyr Town.