⬛ TROPICAL MONSOON CLIMATE.
#geography #climatology #GS1
◾ DISTRIBUTION
◇ Some parts of world experience seasonal winds like land and sea breezes but on larger scale.
◇ These are Tropical monsoon lands with on-shore wet monsoons in summer and off-shore dry monsoons in winter.
◇ Best developed in Burma,Thailand, Laos,Cambodia,parts of vietnam and south china.
◾CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
◇ In summer sun is overhead at the tropic of cancer, the land masses of northern hemisphere heated.
◇ A low pressure is set up in Central asia.
◇ At the same time Southern hemisphere experiences a winter and a region of high pressure created.
◇ Winds blows outwards as the south - east monsoon and after crossing the equator are drawn towards continental low pressure area reaching Indian sub-continent.
◾SEASONS OF TROPICAL MONSOON CLIMATE
◇ Cool, dry season. ( oct to Feb )
◇ Hot dry season. ( March to mid june )
◇ Rainy season ( mid - june to September)
▪︎SOURCE :- 📕 G.C. LEONG.
▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes
#geography #climatology #GS1
◾ DISTRIBUTION
◇ Some parts of world experience seasonal winds like land and sea breezes but on larger scale.
◇ These are Tropical monsoon lands with on-shore wet monsoons in summer and off-shore dry monsoons in winter.
◇ Best developed in Burma,Thailand, Laos,Cambodia,parts of vietnam and south china.
◾CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
◇ In summer sun is overhead at the tropic of cancer, the land masses of northern hemisphere heated.
◇ A low pressure is set up in Central asia.
◇ At the same time Southern hemisphere experiences a winter and a region of high pressure created.
◇ Winds blows outwards as the south - east monsoon and after crossing the equator are drawn towards continental low pressure area reaching Indian sub-continent.
◾SEASONS OF TROPICAL MONSOON CLIMATE
◇ Cool, dry season. ( oct to Feb )
◇ Hot dry season. ( March to mid june )
◇ Rainy season ( mid - june to September)
▪︎SOURCE :- 📕 G.C. LEONG.
▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes
◾ SUDAN OR SAVANNA CLIMATE.
▫️ DISTRIBUTION
◇ Transitional type of climate found between Equitorial forests and Trade wind hot deserts.
◇ Best developed in Sudan hence named Sudan climate.
▫️ CLIMATE OF SUDAN TYPE
◇ Rainfall
• Sudan type of climate characterized by an Alternate hot, rainy season and cool, dry season.
• In the Northern hemisphere, the hot, rainy season normally begins in May and lasts until September.
•In the southern hemisphere, Rainy season from october to march.
◇ Temperature
• Temperature ranges between 70°F and 90°F for lowland stations.
• An annual temperature range of 20°F is typical.
◇ Winds
• Trade winds bring rain to coastal district.
• Strongest in summer but dry by the time reaches Continental interiors or western coasts of Continents.
▫️VEGETATION
• Landscape has tall grass and short trees. The term Parkland or bush - veld used to describe that.
• The trees are deciduous, shedding their leaves in cool, dry season.
▪︎SOURCE - 📕 G.C. Leong.
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
▫️ DISTRIBUTION
◇ Transitional type of climate found between Equitorial forests and Trade wind hot deserts.
◇ Best developed in Sudan hence named Sudan climate.
▫️ CLIMATE OF SUDAN TYPE
◇ Rainfall
• Sudan type of climate characterized by an Alternate hot, rainy season and cool, dry season.
• In the Northern hemisphere, the hot, rainy season normally begins in May and lasts until September.
•In the southern hemisphere, Rainy season from october to march.
◇ Temperature
• Temperature ranges between 70°F and 90°F for lowland stations.
• An annual temperature range of 20°F is typical.
◇ Winds
• Trade winds bring rain to coastal district.
• Strongest in summer but dry by the time reaches Continental interiors or western coasts of Continents.
▫️VEGETATION
• Landscape has tall grass and short trees. The term Parkland or bush - veld used to describe that.
• The trees are deciduous, shedding their leaves in cool, dry season.
▪︎SOURCE - 📕 G.C. Leong.
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
■ HOT DESERT AND MID - LATITUDE DESERT CLIMATE.
□ DISTRIBUTION
◇ Desert are regions of scanty rainfall which may be hot like hot deserts of saharan type or temperate as are the mid-latitude deserts like Gobi.
◇ Aridity due to effects of off-shore Trade winds, hence called Trade wind deserts.
◇ Temperate deserts rainless because of their interior location in Temperate latitudes, well away from rain bearing winds.
◇ Hot deserts of world are located on western coasts of Continents between 15° and 30°N and S.
◇ Example - Sahara and Australian deserts.
□ CLIMATE.
◇ Rainfall
• Few deserts whether hot or mid - latitude have annual precipitation of more than 10 inches.
◇ Temperature
• Average summer temperature is around 86°F.
• No Cold season in Hot deserts.
◇ Vegetation
• Vegetation of both hot and mid-latitude deserts is Xerophytic or drought resistant scrub.
• Plants exist have highly specialized means of adapting themselves to arid environment.
▪︎ SOURCE - G.C. LEONG.📕
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
□ DISTRIBUTION
◇ Desert are regions of scanty rainfall which may be hot like hot deserts of saharan type or temperate as are the mid-latitude deserts like Gobi.
◇ Aridity due to effects of off-shore Trade winds, hence called Trade wind deserts.
◇ Temperate deserts rainless because of their interior location in Temperate latitudes, well away from rain bearing winds.
◇ Hot deserts of world are located on western coasts of Continents between 15° and 30°N and S.
◇ Example - Sahara and Australian deserts.
□ CLIMATE.
◇ Rainfall
• Few deserts whether hot or mid - latitude have annual precipitation of more than 10 inches.
◇ Temperature
• Average summer temperature is around 86°F.
• No Cold season in Hot deserts.
◇ Vegetation
• Vegetation of both hot and mid-latitude deserts is Xerophytic or drought resistant scrub.
• Plants exist have highly specialized means of adapting themselves to arid environment.
▪︎ SOURCE - G.C. LEONG.📕
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
■ THE WARM TEMPERATE WESTERN MARGIN CLIMATE.
□ DISTRIBUTION.
◇ Confined to western portion of Continental masses, between 30° and 45° N and S of equator.
◇ This climate is due to shifting of wind belts.
□ CLIMATE.
◇ A dry summer climate with off shore trades.
• Summer months with high temperature ex- 76°F in Rome though highest temperature experinced in interiors of Balkan penisula.
• Elsewhere in central chile, south africa and mediterranean australia due to coastal position the temperature around 70°F.
◇ A concentration of rainfall in winter with on-shore westerlies.
• Mediterranean receive most of the rain in winter.
• Mean annual temperature is normally 25 inches.
• Rain comes in heavy showers and only on few days with bright sunny periods.
◇ Prominence of local winds around the sea.
• Sirocco - This is hot, dry, dusty wind which originates in Sahara desert.
• Mistral - Cold wind from north, rushing down the rhone valley in violent gusts.
▪︎SOURCE - G.C. LEONG.📕
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
□ DISTRIBUTION.
◇ Confined to western portion of Continental masses, between 30° and 45° N and S of equator.
◇ This climate is due to shifting of wind belts.
□ CLIMATE.
◇ A dry summer climate with off shore trades.
• Summer months with high temperature ex- 76°F in Rome though highest temperature experinced in interiors of Balkan penisula.
• Elsewhere in central chile, south africa and mediterranean australia due to coastal position the temperature around 70°F.
◇ A concentration of rainfall in winter with on-shore westerlies.
• Mediterranean receive most of the rain in winter.
• Mean annual temperature is normally 25 inches.
• Rain comes in heavy showers and only on few days with bright sunny periods.
◇ Prominence of local winds around the sea.
• Sirocco - This is hot, dry, dusty wind which originates in Sahara desert.
• Mistral - Cold wind from north, rushing down the rhone valley in violent gusts.
▪︎SOURCE - G.C. LEONG.📕
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
■ TEMPERATE CONTINENTAL (STEPPE) CLIMATE.
□ DISTRIBUTION.
◇ Bordering deserts, away from mediterranean regions and in the interiors of continents are Temperate grasslands.
◇ In the northern hemisphere, grasslands are far more extensive and continental.
◇ In Eurasia they are called the steppes.
◇ In North america, the grasslands are quite extensive and called Prairies.
◇ In Southern hemisphere due to narrowness of temperate portions of continents, grasslands are less continental.
◽CLIMATE.
◇ Temperature.
• Located in heart of continents means that they have little maritime influence.
• Summers are very warm - 66° in winnipeg for july.
• winters cold due to distance from sea.
• In southern hemisphere the climate is never severe.
• Annual temperature is great because of Continentality.
◇ Precipitation.
• In the continental position the annual rain of steppe climate can be expected to be light.
• Average rainfall may be taken as about 20 inches.
▪︎SOURCE - G.C.LEONG.📕
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
□ DISTRIBUTION.
◇ Bordering deserts, away from mediterranean regions and in the interiors of continents are Temperate grasslands.
◇ In the northern hemisphere, grasslands are far more extensive and continental.
◇ In Eurasia they are called the steppes.
◇ In North america, the grasslands are quite extensive and called Prairies.
◇ In Southern hemisphere due to narrowness of temperate portions of continents, grasslands are less continental.
◽CLIMATE.
◇ Temperature.
• Located in heart of continents means that they have little maritime influence.
• Summers are very warm - 66° in winnipeg for july.
• winters cold due to distance from sea.
• In southern hemisphere the climate is never severe.
• Annual temperature is great because of Continentality.
◇ Precipitation.
• In the continental position the annual rain of steppe climate can be expected to be light.
• Average rainfall may be taken as about 20 inches.
▪︎SOURCE - G.C.LEONG.📕
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
■ WARM TEMPERATE EASTERN MARGIN (CHINA) CLIMATE.
▫️DISTRIBUTION
◇ On eastern margin of continents in warm temperate latitudes.
◇ It is climate of most part of china so called China type climate.
◇ In S.E. USA bordering Gulf of mexico, continental heating in summer induces an inflow of air from cooler atlantic ocean. Thus climate resembles china type.
◇ In southern hemisphere this type of climate experienced in eastern continents of all three continents.
▫️CLIMATE.
◇ Temperature.
• Typified by a warm moist summer and Cool, dry winters.
• Mean monthly temperature - 40°F and 78°F.
◇ Rainfall.
• Rainfall is more than moderate, anything from 25 inches to 60 inches.
• Uniform distribution of rainfall throughout the year.
▫️CROPPING PATTERNS.
◇ South - east china - Rice, tea, mulberries, sericulture.
◇ South - eastern USA - widespread cultivation of maize and cotton in the corn and cotton belts of U.S.A.
◇ South - America - Coffe, maize and dairying.
▪︎ SOURCE - G.C.LEONG.📕
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
▫️DISTRIBUTION
◇ On eastern margin of continents in warm temperate latitudes.
◇ It is climate of most part of china so called China type climate.
◇ In S.E. USA bordering Gulf of mexico, continental heating in summer induces an inflow of air from cooler atlantic ocean. Thus climate resembles china type.
◇ In southern hemisphere this type of climate experienced in eastern continents of all three continents.
▫️CLIMATE.
◇ Temperature.
• Typified by a warm moist summer and Cool, dry winters.
• Mean monthly temperature - 40°F and 78°F.
◇ Rainfall.
• Rainfall is more than moderate, anything from 25 inches to 60 inches.
• Uniform distribution of rainfall throughout the year.
▫️CROPPING PATTERNS.
◇ South - east china - Rice, tea, mulberries, sericulture.
◇ South - eastern USA - widespread cultivation of maize and cotton in the corn and cotton belts of U.S.A.
◇ South - America - Coffe, maize and dairying.
▪︎ SOURCE - G.C.LEONG.📕
▪︎@upsc_geography_notes
■ COOL TEMEPERATE WESTERN MARGIN (BRITISH) TYPE CLIMATE.
□ DISTRIBUTION.
◇ Europe
• Most pronounced in and around Britain.
• Climatic belt stretches far inland into the lowlands of N-W europe.
◇ N.America.
• Confined mainly to the coastlands of British Columbia.
◇ Southern Hemisphere
• Climate is experienced in S.Chile, S.Australia, Tasmania, and most part of Newzealand.
□ CLIMATE.
◇ Temperature.
• Mean annual temperature - b/w 5° and 15°C.
• Winters abnormally mild because of warming effect of North atlantic drift.
◇ Rainfall
• Adequate rainfall throughout the year with a tendency towards a slight winter maximum.
◇ Seasons
• There are four distinct season :-
1. Winter is the season of cloudy skies, foggy and misty mornings.
2. Spring is the driest and most refreshing season.
3. Spring followed by Long, sunny summer.
4. Next is Autumn with the roar of Gusty winds, and the cycle repeats itself.
▪︎SOURCE - G.C. Leong.📕
▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes
□ DISTRIBUTION.
◇ Europe
• Most pronounced in and around Britain.
• Climatic belt stretches far inland into the lowlands of N-W europe.
◇ N.America.
• Confined mainly to the coastlands of British Columbia.
◇ Southern Hemisphere
• Climate is experienced in S.Chile, S.Australia, Tasmania, and most part of Newzealand.
□ CLIMATE.
◇ Temperature.
• Mean annual temperature - b/w 5° and 15°C.
• Winters abnormally mild because of warming effect of North atlantic drift.
◇ Rainfall
• Adequate rainfall throughout the year with a tendency towards a slight winter maximum.
◇ Seasons
• There are four distinct season :-
1. Winter is the season of cloudy skies, foggy and misty mornings.
2. Spring is the driest and most refreshing season.
3. Spring followed by Long, sunny summer.
4. Next is Autumn with the roar of Gusty winds, and the cycle repeats itself.
▪︎SOURCE - G.C. Leong.📕
▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes
■ COOL TEMEPERATE CONTINENTAL (SIBERIAN) CLIMATE.
□ DISTRIBUTION.
◇ Found only in N. Hemisphere.
◇ Experienced in regions just below Arctic circle.
◇ On its poleward side, it merges with into Arctic Tundra.
◇ Climate fades into the Temperate steppe climate.
□ WHY ABSENT IN S. HEMISPHERE ?
◇ Narrowness of S. Continents in high latitudes is main reason.
◇ Strong Oceanic influence reduces severity of winter.
□ CLIMATE.
◇ Temperature.
• Summers are breif and warm reaching 20 - 25° C whereas winters are long and brutually cold - always 30 - 40° C below freezing.
◇ Precipitation.
• Maritime influence in interiors is absent.
• Frontal disturbances might occur in winter.
• Typical annual precipitation ranges from 38cm to 63cm.
□ NATURAL VEGETATION.
◇ Predominant vegetation is evergreen Coniferous forest.
◇ Conifers, which require little moisture are best suited to this type of Sub - arctic climate.
▪︎ SOURCE - G.C. LEONG.📕
▪︎ https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes
□ DISTRIBUTION.
◇ Found only in N. Hemisphere.
◇ Experienced in regions just below Arctic circle.
◇ On its poleward side, it merges with into Arctic Tundra.
◇ Climate fades into the Temperate steppe climate.
□ WHY ABSENT IN S. HEMISPHERE ?
◇ Narrowness of S. Continents in high latitudes is main reason.
◇ Strong Oceanic influence reduces severity of winter.
□ CLIMATE.
◇ Temperature.
• Summers are breif and warm reaching 20 - 25° C whereas winters are long and brutually cold - always 30 - 40° C below freezing.
◇ Precipitation.
• Maritime influence in interiors is absent.
• Frontal disturbances might occur in winter.
• Typical annual precipitation ranges from 38cm to 63cm.
□ NATURAL VEGETATION.
◇ Predominant vegetation is evergreen Coniferous forest.
◇ Conifers, which require little moisture are best suited to this type of Sub - arctic climate.
▪︎ SOURCE - G.C. LEONG.📕
▪︎ https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes
■ TUNDRA or POLAR or ARCTIC CLIMATE.
□ DISTRIBUTION.
◇ Found in regions North of Arctic circle and south of Antarctic circle.
◇ Ice - caps are confined to highlands and high latitudes regions of Greenland and Antarctica.
□ CLIMATE.
◇ Temperature.
• Climate characterized by very low mean annual temperature.
• In mid - winter temperature are as low as 40 - 50° below freezing.
• Normally not more than four months have temperature above freezing point
◇ Precipitation.
• Precipitation is mainly in the form of snow and sleet.
• Conventional rainfall is generally absent.
□ NATURAL VEGETATION.
◇ No trees in Tundra.
◇ Lowest form of vegetation like mosses, lichens are found here and there.
◇ Climatic conditions along coastal lowlands are little favourable.
◇ In the breif summer, berry - bearing bushes and Arctic flowers bloom.
▪︎SOURCE - G.C. LEONG.📕
▪︎ https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes
□ DISTRIBUTION.
◇ Found in regions North of Arctic circle and south of Antarctic circle.
◇ Ice - caps are confined to highlands and high latitudes regions of Greenland and Antarctica.
□ CLIMATE.
◇ Temperature.
• Climate characterized by very low mean annual temperature.
• In mid - winter temperature are as low as 40 - 50° below freezing.
• Normally not more than four months have temperature above freezing point
◇ Precipitation.
• Precipitation is mainly in the form of snow and sleet.
• Conventional rainfall is generally absent.
□ NATURAL VEGETATION.
◇ No trees in Tundra.
◇ Lowest form of vegetation like mosses, lichens are found here and there.
◇ Climatic conditions along coastal lowlands are little favourable.
◇ In the breif summer, berry - bearing bushes and Arctic flowers bloom.
▪︎SOURCE - G.C. LEONG.📕
▪︎ https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes
As many people voted for Indian geo so i will start
Lakes of India from tomorrow.
Will cover all the lakes with their map location.
So keep learning and don't ever leave the channel.
Lakes of India from tomorrow.
Will cover all the lakes with their map location.
So keep learning and don't ever leave the channel.
■ ASHTAMUDI LAKE.
◇ Ashtamudi Lake or Ashtamudi Kayal , is in the Kollam District of Kerala.
◇ It possesses a unique wetland ecosystem and a large palm-shaped water body.
◇ Ashtamudi means ‘eight braids’ in the local Malayalam language.
◇ The name is indicative of the lake’s topography with its multiple branches.
◇ The lake is also called the gateway to the backwaters of Kerala and is well known for its houseboat and backwater resorts.
◇ Ashtamudi Wetland was included in the list of wetlands of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar Convention for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands.
▪︎ https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes_optional
◇ Ashtamudi Lake or Ashtamudi Kayal , is in the Kollam District of Kerala.
◇ It possesses a unique wetland ecosystem and a large palm-shaped water body.
◇ Ashtamudi means ‘eight braids’ in the local Malayalam language.
◇ The name is indicative of the lake’s topography with its multiple branches.
◇ The lake is also called the gateway to the backwaters of Kerala and is well known for its houseboat and backwater resorts.
◇ Ashtamudi Wetland was included in the list of wetlands of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar Convention for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands.
▪︎ https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes_optional
■ BHIMTAL LAKE.
◇ Bhimtal Lake is a lake in the town of Bhimtal, in the Indian state of Uttarakhand.
◇ It is the largest lake in Kumaon region, known as the "lake district of India"
◇ According to geologists the origin of the lake is attributed to a number of faults which occurred due to shifting of the earth's crust.
◇ It is 22.5 kilometers (14.0 mi) away from the district town of Nainital.
▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes
◇ Bhimtal Lake is a lake in the town of Bhimtal, in the Indian state of Uttarakhand.
◇ It is the largest lake in Kumaon region, known as the "lake district of India"
◇ According to geologists the origin of the lake is attributed to a number of faults which occurred due to shifting of the earth's crust.
◇ It is 22.5 kilometers (14.0 mi) away from the district town of Nainital.
▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes
■ BHOJ TAL.
◇ Bhojtal, formerly known as Upper Lake, is a large lake which lies on the western side of the capital city of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal, India.
◇ It is a major source of drinking water for the residents of the city, serving around 40% of the residents with nearly 30 million imperial gallons (140,000 m3) of water per day.
◇ Bada talaab, along with the nearby Chhota Talaab, meaning small lake in Hindi, constitute Bhoj Wetland, which is now a Ramsar site.
▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes
◇ Bhojtal, formerly known as Upper Lake, is a large lake which lies on the western side of the capital city of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal, India.
◇ It is a major source of drinking water for the residents of the city, serving around 40% of the residents with nearly 30 million imperial gallons (140,000 m3) of water per day.
◇ Bada talaab, along with the nearby Chhota Talaab, meaning small lake in Hindi, constitute Bhoj Wetland, which is now a Ramsar site.
▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes
■ CHANDRA TAL.
◇ Tso Chikgma or Chandra Taal (meaning the Lake of the Moon), or Chandra Tal is a lake in the Lahaul part of the Lahul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh.
◇ Chandra Taal is near the source of the Chandra River.
◇ Despite the rugged and inhospitable surroundings, it is in a protected niche with some flowers and wildlife in summer.
◇ It is a favourite spot for tourists and high-altitude trekkers.
◇ It is usually associated with Spiti, but geographically is a part of Lahaul.
◇ Kunzum La separates Lahaul and Spiti valleys.
▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes
◇ Tso Chikgma or Chandra Taal (meaning the Lake of the Moon), or Chandra Tal is a lake in the Lahaul part of the Lahul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh.
◇ Chandra Taal is near the source of the Chandra River.
◇ Despite the rugged and inhospitable surroundings, it is in a protected niche with some flowers and wildlife in summer.
◇ It is a favourite spot for tourists and high-altitude trekkers.
◇ It is usually associated with Spiti, but geographically is a part of Lahaul.
◇ Kunzum La separates Lahaul and Spiti valleys.
▪︎https://t.me/upsc_geography_notes