■ CARBONATION – NATURAL SOLUTION WEATHERING

#Geomorphology
#Geomorphicmovements
#Chemicalweathering

◇ Carbonation refers to reactions of carbon dioxide to give carbonates, bicarbonates, and carbonic acid.

◇ Carbonation weathering is a process in which atmospheric carbon dioxide leads to solution weathering.

◇ As rain falls, it dissolves small amounts of carbon dioxide from the air, forming a weak acid that can dissolve some minerals like limestone (calcium carbonate) (solution weathering).

◇When carbonic acid reacts with limestone, it produces calcium bicarbonate, which is partially soluble in water (dissolution weathering.

◇ Caves are formed when underground water containing carbonic acid travels through blocks of limestone, dissolves out the limestone, and leaves empty pockets (caves) behind (E.g. Karst topography).

6. Carbonation process speeds up with a decrease in temperature because colder water holds more dissolved carbon dioxide gas.

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■ ANTHROPOGENIC SOLUTION WEATHERING

#Geomorphology
#Geomorphicmovements
#Chemicalweathering

◇ Rainfall is naturally acidic ― pH of ~5.6 (CO2 dissolves in the rainwater producing weak carbonic acid).

◇ Acid rain occurs when gases such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are present in the atmosphere.

◇ These oxides react in the rainwater to produce stronger acids and can lower the pH to less than 4.

◇ These acids are capable of attacking certain kinds of rocks in much the way that carbonic acid does.

◇ Sulphur dioxide, SO2, comes from volcanic eruptions or fossil fuels. The conversion of metallic ores to the pure metals often results in the formation of sulphur dioxide.

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■ HYDRATION

#Geomorphology
#Geomorphicmovements
#Chemicalweathering

◇ Hydration is the chemical addition of water that involves the rigid attachment of H+ and OH- ions to the atoms and molecules of a mineral.

◇ When rock minerals take up water, the increased volume creates physical stresses within the rock. For example, iron oxides are converted to iron hydroxides which are larger in volume.

◇ Hydration is reversible, and continued repetition of this process causes fatigue in the rocks and may lead to their disintegration.

◇ The volume changes in minerals due to hydration will also help in physical weathering through exfoliation and granular disintegration.

◇ Hydration is reversible, and continued repetition of this process causes fatigue in the rocks and may lead to their disintegration.

◇ The volume changes in minerals due to hydration will also help in physical weathering through exfoliation and granular disintegration.

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