■ FROST WEATHERING

#Geomporphology #Earthmovements

◇ During the warm season, the water penetrates the pore spaces or fractures in rocks. During the cold season, the water freezes into ice, and its volume expands as a result.

◇ This exerts tremendous pressure on rock walls to tear apart even where the rocks are massive.

◇ Frost weathering is the collective name for several processes where ice is present. These processes include frost shattering, frost-wedging and freeze-thaw weathering.

Frost weathering

Freeze wedging is caused by the repeated freeze-thaw cycle. Cracks filled with water are forced further apart with subsequent freezing and thawing.

▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

DAYWISE SCHEDULE of PRELIMS TEST SERIES cum GUIDANCE PROGRAM 2026 by EnlightIAS under toppers

To Join us: Click here

•Schedule of toppers sessions will be shared later by EnlightIAS Toppers team..

■ SALT WEATHERING

#Geomporphology #Earthmovements

◇ Salt weathering occurs when saline solutions seep into cracks and joints in the rocks and evaporate, leaving salt crystals behind.

◇ Salt crystals expand during the crystallization process and also when they are subjected to above normal temperatures.

◇ The expansion in near-surface pores causes splitting of individual grains within rocks, which eventually fall off (granular disintegration or granular foliation).

◇ Salt weathering is normally associated with arid climates where strong heating causes strong evaporation and crystallisation.

▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

■ CHEMICAL WEATHERING

#Geomorphicmovements #Geomorphology

◇ Chemical weathering involves chemical decomposition of rocks and soil.

◇ Chemical weathering processes include dissolution, solution, carbonation, hydration, oxidation and reduction that act on the rocks to decompose, dissolve or reduce them to a fine state.

◇ These weathering processes are interrelated and go hand in hand and hasten the weathering process.

◇ Acids produced by microbial and plant-root metabolism, water and air (oxygen and carbon dioxide) along with heat speed up all chemical reactions.

▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes