■ VAN ALLEN RADIATION BELT

#Magneticfield

◇ A Van Allen radiation belt is a zone of energetic charged particles, most of which originate from the solar wind, that are captured by and held around a planet by that planet's magnetic field.

◇ There are two such concentric tire-shaped regions. The inner belt is 1–2 Earth radii out while the outer belt is at 4–7 Earth radii.

◇ By trapping the solar wind, the belts deflect the energetic particles and protect the atmosphere.

◇ The belts endanger satellites, which must have their sensitive components protected with adequate shielding if they spend significant time near that zone.

◇ Spacecraft travelling beyond low Earth orbit enter the zone of radiation of the Van Allen belts. Beyond the belts, they face additional hazards from cosmic rays and solar particle events.

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■ MAGNETIC FIELD OF OTHER SOLAR SYSTEM OBJECTS

#Magneticfield

◇ Mercury - Mercury's magnetic field is approximately a magnetic dipole (meaning the field has two poles) and is just 1.1% that of Earth's magnetic field. It’s proximity to the sun makes it next to impossible to sustain an atmosphere.

◇ Mars - Mars does not have an intrinsic global magnetic field, but the solar wind directly interacts with the atmosphere of Mars, leading to the formation of a magnetosphere. The lack of a significant magnetosphere is thought to be one reason for Mars's thin atmosphere.

◇ Venus - Venus lacks a magnetic field. Its ionosphere separates the atmosphere from outer space and the solar wind. In spite of the absence of a magnetic field, Venus’s atmosphere is one of the densest among the terrestrial planets.

◇ Jupiter - Jupiter has the largest magnetic field and a thick atmosphere.

◇ Saturn - Saturn's magnetosphere is the second largest of any planet in the Solar System after Jupiter.

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■ GEOMORPHIC MOVEMENTS

#Geomorphology #Earthmovements

◇ Earth’s crust and its surface are constantly evolving (changing) due to various forces emanating from below (endogenic forces) as well as above the surface of the earth (exogenic forces).

◇ These forces cause physical and chemical changes to the geomorphic structure (earth’s surface).

◇ Some of these changes are imperceptibly slow (e.g. weathering, folding), some others are gradual (e.g. erosion) while the remaining are quite sudden (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions.

◇ Geomorphic: relating to the form of the landscape and other natural features of the earth's surface.

◇ Geomorphic agents: mobile medium (like running water, moving ice masses or glaciers, wind, waves, currents etc.) which removes, transports and deposits earth materials.

◇ Geomorphic processes: physical and chemical processes that take place on the earth’s surface (folding, faulting, weathering, erosion, etc.) due to endogenic and exogenic forces.

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🚨🚨Last opportunity to join Geography Optional Test series Mains 25- (GEO 300+) cum Test Series Main's 25 Program!!
https://youtube.com/shorts/lqTuHQuZxPI?si=L8vMUoXT_mYIpFwm
Orientation CLASS
CLASS 1
Component 1:
☘️ Revise Syllabus- 300+ Qs & Hand written model answers
☘️ Based upon PYQ & Current Affair Themes
☘️ 50+ Enrichment Sessions
☘️ Integration of Thinkers, Case Studies etc

Component 2:
👉10 Sectional & 4 Full Length Tests
👉 Handwritten Model Answers
👉 Personalised Evaluation by Shikha Ma’am.
👉 Guaranteed Evaluation in 3-4 Days
👉 Daily offline mentorship with Ankit.A geography topper
👉 GEOGRAPHY OPTIONAL yearly current affairs booklet 2025-26 - GEOGRAPHIKA
**Students will get Topper's handwritten model answer booklets with GEO 300 + Batch

For Queries, Call at 9311082312 or fill the form at https://forms.gle/dqijMWGvTa3BCU3N6

[CLICK HERE - To watch Topper's talk with AIR 67 - Farkhanda Qureshi & Shikha Ma'am]