■ VAN ALLEN RADIATION BELT

#Magneticfield

◇ A Van Allen radiation belt is a zone of energetic charged particles, most of which originate from the solar wind, that are captured by and held around a planet by that planet's magnetic field.

◇ There are two such concentric tire-shaped regions. The inner belt is 1–2 Earth radii out while the outer belt is at 4–7 Earth radii.

◇ By trapping the solar wind, the belts deflect the energetic particles and protect the atmosphere.

◇ The belts endanger satellites, which must have their sensitive components protected with adequate shielding if they spend significant time near that zone.

◇ Spacecraft travelling beyond low Earth orbit enter the zone of radiation of the Van Allen belts. Beyond the belts, they face additional hazards from cosmic rays and solar particle events.

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■ MAGNETIC FIELD OF OTHER SOLAR SYSTEM OBJECTS

#Magneticfield

◇ Mercury - Mercury's magnetic field is approximately a magnetic dipole (meaning the field has two poles) and is just 1.1% that of Earth's magnetic field. It’s proximity to the sun makes it next to impossible to sustain an atmosphere.

◇ Mars - Mars does not have an intrinsic global magnetic field, but the solar wind directly interacts with the atmosphere of Mars, leading to the formation of a magnetosphere. The lack of a significant magnetosphere is thought to be one reason for Mars's thin atmosphere.

◇ Venus - Venus lacks a magnetic field. Its ionosphere separates the atmosphere from outer space and the solar wind. In spite of the absence of a magnetic field, Venus’s atmosphere is one of the densest among the terrestrial planets.

◇ Jupiter - Jupiter has the largest magnetic field and a thick atmosphere.

◇ Saturn - Saturn's magnetosphere is the second largest of any planet in the Solar System after Jupiter.

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