■ THE MANTLE

#interiorofearth

◇ It forms about 83 per cent of the earth's volume and holds 67% of the earth’s mass.

◇ It extends from Moho’s discontinuity to a depth of 2,900 km.

◇ The density of the upper mantle varies between 2.9 g/cm3 and 3.3 g/cm3.

◇ The lower mantle extends beyond the asthenosphere. It is in a solid state.

◇ The density ranges from 3.3 g/cm3 to 5.7 g/cm3 in the lower mantle.

◇ The mantle is composed of silicate rocks that are rich in iron.

◇ Regarding its constituent elements, the mantle is made up of 45% oxygen, 21% silicon, and 23% magnesium (OSM).

◇ Temperatures range from approximately 200 °C at the upper boundary with the crust to approximately 4,000 °C at the core-mantle boundary.

◇ Because of the temperature difference, there is a convective material circulation in the mantle (although solid, the high temperatures within the mantle cause the silicate material to be sufficiently ductile).

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■ THE OUTER CORE

#interiorofearth

◇ The outer core, surrounding the inner core, lies between 2900 km and 5100 km below the earth's surface.

◇ The outer core is composed of iron mixed with nickel (nife) and trace amounts of lighter elements.

◇ The outer core is not under enough pressure to be solid, so it is liquid even though it has a composition similar to the inner core.

◇ The density of the outer core ranges from 9.9 g/cm3 to 12.2 g/cm3 .

◇ The temperature of the outer core ranges from 4400 °C in the outer regions to 6000 °C near the inner core.

◇ Dynamo theory suggests that convection in the outer core, combined with the Coriolis effect, gives rise to Earth's magnetic field.

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