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■ SECONDARY WAVES (S-WAVES)

#Interiorofearth

◇ They are recorded second on the seismograph or S-waves are also called as transverse waves or shear waves or distortional waves.

◇ They are analogous to water ripples or light waves.

◇ Transverse waves or shear waves mean that the direction of vibrations of the particles in the medium is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. Hence, they create troughs and crests in the material through which they pass (they distort the medium).

◇ S-waves arrive at the surface after the P-waves.

◇ These waves are of high frequency and possess slightly higher destructive power compared to P-waves.

◇ The trembling on the earth’s surface caused due to these waves is from side to side (horizontal).

◇ S-waves cannot pass through fluids (liquids and gases) as fluids do not support shear stresses.

◇ They travel at varying velocities (proportional to shear strength) through the solid part of the Earth.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ SURFACE WAVES ( L-WAVES)

#interiorofearth

◇ The body waves interact with the surface rocks and generate new set of waves called surface waves (long or L-waves). These waves move only along the surface.

◇ Surface Waves are also called long period waves because of their long wavelength.

◇ They are low-frequency transverse waves (shear waves).

◇ They develop in the immediate neighbourhood of the epicentre and affect only the surface of the earth and die out at smaller depth.

◇ They lose energy more slowly with distance than the body waves because they travel only across the surface unlike the body waves which travel in all directions.

◇ Particle motion of surface waves (amplitude) is larger than that of body waves, so surface waves are the most destructive among the earthquake waves.

◇ They are slowest among the earthquake waves and are recorded last on the seismograph.

▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

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■ INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH.

#interiorofearth

◇ The interior of the earth is made up of several concentric layers of which the crust, the mantle, the outer core and the inner core are significant because of their unique physical and chemical properties.

◇ The crust is a silicate solid, the mantle is a viscous molten rock, the outer core is a viscous liquid, and the inner core is a dense solid.

◇ Mechanically, the earth’s layers can be divided into lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesospheric mantle (part of the Earth's mantle below the lithosphere and the asthenosphere), outer core, and inner core.

◇ Chemically, Earth can be divided into the crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, outer core, and inner core.

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■ MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENTS OF THE EARTH'S CRUST

#Interiorofearth

ELEMENT - APPROXIMATE % BY WEIGHT

◇ Oxygen - 46.6%

◇ Silicon (Si) - 27.7%

◇ Aluminium (Al) - 8.1%

◇ Iron - 5.0%

◇ Calcium (Ca) - 3.6%

◇ Sodium (Na) - 2.8%

◇ Potassium (K) - 2.6%

◇ Magnesium (Mg) - 1.5%

▪︎ @upsc_geography_notes

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