🔆Lewotobi Laki-Laki:
✅Location: Situated on Flores Island, southeastern Indonesia.
✅Twin volcano: Part of the Lewotobi twin volcano complex, comprising Lewotobi Laki-Laki (Male) and Lewotobi Perempuan (Female) stratovolcanoes.
✅Geological significance: Positioned within the “Ring of Fire,” a region known for intense tectonic activity.
✅Eruption details: Recently erupted, emitting lava and ash, causing significant damage to surrounding villages and resulting in multiple fatalities.
✅Safety measures: Authorities advised residents to stay at least 7 km away from the volcano due to the risk of further eruptions and earthquakes.
✅Previous names: Historically referred to as Lobetabi, Lovotivo, and Loby Toby.
✅Location: Situated on Flores Island, southeastern Indonesia.
✅Twin volcano: Part of the Lewotobi twin volcano complex, comprising Lewotobi Laki-Laki (Male) and Lewotobi Perempuan (Female) stratovolcanoes.
✅Geological significance: Positioned within the “Ring of Fire,” a region known for intense tectonic activity.
✅Eruption details: Recently erupted, emitting lava and ash, causing significant damage to surrounding villages and resulting in multiple fatalities.
✅Safety measures: Authorities advised residents to stay at least 7 km away from the volcano due to the risk of further eruptions and earthquakes.
✅Previous names: Historically referred to as Lobetabi, Lovotivo, and Loby Toby.
🔴Tragic Elephant Deaths in Madhya Pradesh Linked to Toxic Kodo Millet: Urgent Call for Better Crop Management
⭐️(Source: Indian Express; Section: Explained: 11)
🟢Topic: GS3 – Environment
Context:
➡️In Madhya Pradesh’s Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, 10 wild elephants died, likely due to kodo millet contamination by toxic mycotoxins.
➡️This incident underscores the risks posed by fungal infections in certain crops under specific environmental conditions.
Analysis of News:
🟢Understanding Kodo Millet
➡️Cultivation and Uses: Kodo millet, a drought-resistant crop, is widely grown in arid regions across India and other tropical areas. Known for its high nutritional value and storage capability, it is a staple for various communities.
Toxicity Potential: Under specific conditions, kodo millet can develop mycotoxins like Cyclopiazonic Acid (CPA), especially in humid conditions, leading to a form of food poisoning called kodo toxicity.
🟢History of Kodo Millet Poisoning
➡️Earliest Cases: Documented since the 1920s, kodo millet poisoning has caused health issues in both humans and animals, with symptoms like vomiting and tremors. In the 1980s, CPA was identified as the toxin responsible for this poisoning.
➡️Recent Incidents: Wild animals, including elephants, have died from kodo millet toxicity. In 2022, one elephant death was attributed to this issue.
Why Kodo Millet Becomes Toxic
➡️Environmental Triggers: High moisture from seasonal rains can lead to fungal contamination. CPA-producing fungi grow on kodo millet under these conditions, rendering it toxic and dangerous for consumption.
🟢Health Impact on Animals
➡️Symptoms: CPA poisoning affects the nervous and cardiovascular systems, causing symptoms like vomiting, giddiness, heart issues, and gastrointestinal distress.
➡️Specific Effects on Elephants: Symptoms observed in the elephants included tremors and rapid pulse, consistent with CPA poisoning. In affected animals, treatment involved liver tonics and intravenous antidotes
🟢Mitigation and Control
➡️Biocontrol and Agricultural Practices: To reduce fungal growth, researchers suggest using biocontrol agents and following good agricultural practices, including proper post-harvest storage to reduce moisture.
➡️Detection Techniques: Advanced methods like chromatography and rapid tools like ELISA are used to detect mycotoxins in kodo millet for human consumption.
Conclusion
➡️The recent elephant deaths highlight the importance of managing kodo millet cultivation and storage to prevent mycotoxin contamination. Implementing proper agricultural and biocontrol practices can mitigate the risks posed by kodo toxicity.
🟢Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve
➡️It is located in the Umaria district of Madhya Pradesh and is spread over the Vindhya hills.
➡️It holds significant historical importance, evidenced by the presence of the renowned Bandhavgarh Fort, along with numerous caves, rock paintings, and carvings throughout the protected area.
➡️In 1968, it was designated as a national park and in 1993 was declared a tiger reserve.
➡️It is known for the Royal Bengal Tigers. Other important prey species consist of chital, sambhar, barking deer, nilgai, chinkara, wild pig, chowsingha, langur and rhesus macaque.
⭐️(Source: Indian Express; Section: Explained: 11)
🟢Topic: GS3 – Environment
Context:
➡️In Madhya Pradesh’s Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, 10 wild elephants died, likely due to kodo millet contamination by toxic mycotoxins.
➡️This incident underscores the risks posed by fungal infections in certain crops under specific environmental conditions.
Analysis of News:
🟢Understanding Kodo Millet
➡️Cultivation and Uses: Kodo millet, a drought-resistant crop, is widely grown in arid regions across India and other tropical areas. Known for its high nutritional value and storage capability, it is a staple for various communities.
Toxicity Potential: Under specific conditions, kodo millet can develop mycotoxins like Cyclopiazonic Acid (CPA), especially in humid conditions, leading to a form of food poisoning called kodo toxicity.
🟢History of Kodo Millet Poisoning
➡️Earliest Cases: Documented since the 1920s, kodo millet poisoning has caused health issues in both humans and animals, with symptoms like vomiting and tremors. In the 1980s, CPA was identified as the toxin responsible for this poisoning.
➡️Recent Incidents: Wild animals, including elephants, have died from kodo millet toxicity. In 2022, one elephant death was attributed to this issue.
Why Kodo Millet Becomes Toxic
➡️Environmental Triggers: High moisture from seasonal rains can lead to fungal contamination. CPA-producing fungi grow on kodo millet under these conditions, rendering it toxic and dangerous for consumption.
🟢Health Impact on Animals
➡️Symptoms: CPA poisoning affects the nervous and cardiovascular systems, causing symptoms like vomiting, giddiness, heart issues, and gastrointestinal distress.
➡️Specific Effects on Elephants: Symptoms observed in the elephants included tremors and rapid pulse, consistent with CPA poisoning. In affected animals, treatment involved liver tonics and intravenous antidotes
🟢Mitigation and Control
➡️Biocontrol and Agricultural Practices: To reduce fungal growth, researchers suggest using biocontrol agents and following good agricultural practices, including proper post-harvest storage to reduce moisture.
➡️Detection Techniques: Advanced methods like chromatography and rapid tools like ELISA are used to detect mycotoxins in kodo millet for human consumption.
Conclusion
➡️The recent elephant deaths highlight the importance of managing kodo millet cultivation and storage to prevent mycotoxin contamination. Implementing proper agricultural and biocontrol practices can mitigate the risks posed by kodo toxicity.
🟢Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve
➡️It is located in the Umaria district of Madhya Pradesh and is spread over the Vindhya hills.
➡️It holds significant historical importance, evidenced by the presence of the renowned Bandhavgarh Fort, along with numerous caves, rock paintings, and carvings throughout the protected area.
➡️In 1968, it was designated as a national park and in 1993 was declared a tiger reserve.
➡️It is known for the Royal Bengal Tigers. Other important prey species consist of chital, sambhar, barking deer, nilgai, chinkara, wild pig, chowsingha, langur and rhesus macaque.
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Anil Kapoor recently turned down a ₹10 crore deal to endorse a pan masala brand
Reason: Kapoor said he felt a responsibility towards his fans and the audience, and that he wouldn't endorse products that could harm public health
Values reflected: Honesty , integrity, Empathy , Accountability, Courage
Anil Kapoor recently turned down a ₹10 crore deal to endorse a pan masala brand
Reason: Kapoor said he felt a responsibility towards his fans and the audience, and that he wouldn't endorse products that could harm public health
Values reflected: Honesty , integrity, Empathy , Accountability, Courage
#National_Park
Nameri National Park
▪️ The Nameri National Park which is located in Sonitpur district shares its northern boundary with the Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary of Assam.
▪️ It was declared as Tiger Reserve (2nd to be declared after Manas Tiger Reserve).
▪️ It has 2 core areas: the Nameri National Park & the Sonai- Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary (Satellite Core of the Nameri Tiger Reserve).
Nameri National Park
▪️ The Nameri National Park which is located in Sonitpur district shares its northern boundary with the Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary of Assam.
▪️ It was declared as Tiger Reserve (2nd to be declared after Manas Tiger Reserve).
▪️ It has 2 core areas: the Nameri National Park & the Sonai- Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary (Satellite Core of the Nameri Tiger Reserve).