मन के जीते जीत हे मन के हारे हार
हार गये जो बिन लड़े उनपर हे धिक्कार.

उनपर हे धिक्कार जो देखे ना सपना,
सपनो का अधिकार असल अधिकार हे अपना.

अपनो के खातीर हे करना कुछ आज हमे,
अजर अमर कर देना है स्वराज हमे.

तु माटी का लाल है कोई कंकर या धुल नहीं,
तु समय बदल के रख देगा इतिहास लिखेगा भूल नहीं.

तू भोर का पहला तारा है परिवर्तन का एक नारा है,
यह अंधकार कुछ पल का हे फिर सब कुछ तुम्हारा है.


(Poem from Movie Chhaava)

#straits

Strait of Malacca

▪️ Strait of Malacca, waterway connecting the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) and the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean).

▪️It runs between the Indonesian island of Sumatra and peninsular Malaysia  to the east.

Keep lazer sharp focus on your goals just like our armed forces have 💯

Victory will be yours too
In life and horizons beyond.
India need sharp mind
Brave souls
Ready to serve the nation.
Always remember your Fundamental duties before anything and everything..!!🇮🇳

Jai hind 🇮🇳🧿🔥

Don't forget to Watch this ✅✅

SDG #upscprep #UPSC

🔆 SATAT (Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation) Initiative

📍 Overview
✅ Launched in 2018.
✅ Objective: To promote Compressed Biogas (CBG) production and encourage its use as an alternative clean fuel for transportation, reducing dependence on fossil fuels.

📍 Key Implementing Agencies
✅ Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs):

* Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
* Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd.
* Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd.

📍 Key Features
✅ Target: 5,000 CBG plants by 2025.
✅ Expected production capacity: 15 million metric tonnes per annum (MTPA).
✅ Utilisation of Various Biomass Sources: Agricultural residue (stubble, sugarcane press mud), Municipal Solid Waste, Cattle dung, Sewage sludge, and industrial organic waste.
✅ Private sector participation for establishing CBG plants.
✅ Viability Gap Funding (VGF) for bioenergy projects.

GREATER ADJUTANT STORK #UPSC #prelims #quick_revision

🔆Trick to remember the members of OPEC+ members

✅Tricks: AMaR SSB dene MexiKO se Brunei gaya

✅A=Azerbaijan
✅Ma=Malaysia
✅R=Russia
✅S=south sudan
✅S=Sudan
✅B=Bahrain
✅Mexi= Mexico
✅K=Kazakhstan
✅O=Oman
✅And Brunei..

🔆 UK Top Court's Ruling on Gender Definition

📍 Issue:
✅ The UK’s highest court decided that only biological women, not trans women, are legally considered women under equality laws.
✅ The ruling was supported by the government but opposed by trans rights activists.

📍 Key Takeaways:
✅ The case was about whether a trans woman with a gender recognition certificate can legally be considered a woman.
✅ This decision could limit trans women’s access to services meant only for women, like hospitals and sports clubs.
✅ It might also discriminate against trans women in jobs and public services.

📍 Impact:
✅ Transgender rights remain a controversial topic, with some arguing that it violates women’s rights, while others say it discriminates against trans people.
✅ This ruling has led to calls for changes in laws about gender recognition.
#society

Putting in hours but nothing sticks?
Tired of rereading the same topic again and again with zero retention?⁉️
Frustrated?😮‍💨 Drained?😭 Confused?😵‍💫
You’re not alone!

Here’s the truth: It’s not about how many times you study, but how you study.✅️
Smart strategies > endless repetition.
Want to stop feeling stuck in a never-ending study loop?
Let’s break the cycle.
Learn the secret to memory, recall & retention.💯
Because studying smarter beats studying longer!🎯

#upscaspirants #study #smartgoals #mentorshipmatters #ias #memoryhacks #focus #learning

🔆 Buddhist Sangha (Monastic Order)

📍 Community Structure
✅ Organized group of monks (bhikkhus) & nuns (bhikkhunis)

📍 Notable Figure
✅ Mahapajapati Gotami – First woman to join the Sangha

📍 Textual Source
✅ Vinaya Pitaka – Contains monastic rules

🔆 Harappan Sites and Their Significance

📍 Alamgirpur
✅ Location: Uttar Pradesh, India
✅ Significance: Easternmost Harappan site.

📍 Allahdino
✅ Location: Pakistan
✅ Significance: Specialized craft production site.

📍 Amri
✅ Location: Sindh, Pakistan
✅ Significance: Early Harappan phase site, distinct pottery.

📍 Balakot
✅ Location: Pakistan
✅ Significance: Shell bangle production center.

📍 Banawali
✅ Location: Haryana, India
✅ Significance: Defensive fortifications, oval-shaped settlement.

📍 Bhirrana
✅ Location: Haryana, India
✅ Significance: Oldest Harappan site (\~7570 BCE), early settlements.

📍 Chanhudaro
✅ Location: Sindh, Pakistan
✅ Significance: Bead-making factory, no citadel.

📍 Daimabad
✅ Location: Maharashtra, India
✅ Significance: Southernmost Harappan site, bronze artifacts.

📍 Desalpur
✅ Location: Gujarat, India
✅ Significance: Stone fortifications, small settlement.

📍 Dholavira
✅ Location: Gujarat, India
✅ Significance: Water conservation system, three-part city, stone inscriptions.

🔆 Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs)
📍 Definition:
✅ Chlorine, bromine, CFCs, carbon tetrachloride, halons, etc.

📍 Potential Drivers of Ozone Hole over Antarctica:
1. Changes in Antarctic polar vortex
2. Changes in solar cycle
3. Increased atmospheric abundance of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

📍 Polar Vortex
✅ Stratospheric wind patterns with vast low-pressure areas and very cold air, more pronounced over the South Poles.
✅ Leads to formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs).

📍 Impact of Volcanic Eruptions on Ozone Layer:
✅ Triggers massive stratospheric water vapor plume.
✅ Injects large quantities of sulphur dioxide (facilitates chemical conversion of chlorine making it more reactive).
✅ Contributes atmospheric bromine and hydrogen chloride.
✅ Eruption particles provide surfaces for chemical reactions for ODSs.

📍 PSCs (Polar Stratospheric Clouds):
✅ Also known as nacreous clouds or mother of pearl.
✅ Formed below -78°C and trap outgoing longwave radiation.

📍 Location:
✅ Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai, a submarine volcano in the Tongan archipelago located in the Southern Pacific Ocean, erupted in January 2022.

📍 Ozone Layer Depletion Process (Infographic):
✅ 1st step: UV rays split chlorine atom from CFC molecule.
✅ 2nd step: Chlorine atom breaks up ozone molecule.
✅ 3rd step: The chlorine molecule left behind creates chlorine monoxide and oxygen (O2).

#environment

Inflation #upscprep #economy

CASTE CENSUS #society #UPSC

Even 1 mark in UPSC PRELIMS can get you ON or OFF the Merit List.

Each year Map Based Questions carry atleast 8-10 marks.
Tiger Reserves, Cultural Sites, Ramsar Sites, Hills.... the list is ENDLESS

Do you STRUGGLE with MAPS? If YES!
Here's a SUPER POWERFUL Memory Technique to help you MASTER MAPS👇

🚨MUST WATCH for PRELIMS 2025🚨

https://youtu.be/h9dM7QFzc8M?si=hDoPX5h--3fH021b