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Megha Sharma
Accolite Digital India Private Limited


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Check positions available as per your requirement
Good opportunities available
Opening for Front end Developer
Job Location: Bangalore
Experience Required: 6 months โ€“ 1 Year Only
Note: Candidate who have completed internship in frontend Technologies can also apply.
Skills And Qualifications
โ€ข Proficient understanding of web markup, including HTML5, CSS3
โ€ข Basic understanding of server-side CSS pre-processing platforms, such as LESS and SASS
โ€ข Proficient understanding of client-side scripting and JavaScript frameworks, including jQuery

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SQL Interview Questions
Q. What is a database?
A database is a structured collection of data that is organized and stored in a way that allows efficient retrieval and manipulation of the data. A database typically contains one or more tables or files that are related to each other in some way.

Q. What is DBMS?
A database management system (DBMS) is used to manage and manipulate data within a database. A DBMS is a software system that provides tools for creating, storing, retrieving, updating, and deleting data in a database.

Examples of popular DBMSs include MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, and PostgreSQL.

Q. What kind of data can be stored in databases?
Databases can be used to store various types of data, such as customer information, sales data, financial records, product catalogs, and so on. Databases can also be used for a wide range of applications, such as e-commerce, online banking, inventory management, and healthcare.

Q. What are different types of databases?
There are a variety of database types, and which type you use will be dependent on the type of data you wish to store. Letโ€™s look at a few popular database types:

Relational databases
These databases are laid out in rows and columns, store and provide data in multiple tables, and allow you to identify and access the data in relation to one another. All relational databases use SQL. Microsoft SQL Server is an example of a relational database management system.

NoSQL databases
Any database that does not use SQL as its primary language. These databases are better suited for those who do not want their data as structured. CouchDB is an example of a NoSQL database.

Q. What is SQL?
In order to access and manipulate data in a database, users typically use a structured query language (SQL), which is a programming language designed for managing data in a relational database. SQL is used to create, modify, and retrieve data in a database.

SQL also allows users to perform complex queries and analyze large volumes of data quickly and efficiently.

Q. What is SQL used for?
Some of the most common uses of SQL include:

Querying data
SQL is used to retrieve data from a database using various query techniques, such as SELECT, FROM, WHERE, and JOIN. This allows users to filter, sort, and aggregate data in a meaningful way.

Inserting and updating data
SQL is used to add new records to a database or update existing records. This is done using the INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE commands.

Creating and modifying database structures
SQL is used to create and modify database structures, such as tables, indexes, and constraints. This allows users to define the structure and relationships of the data in a database.

Managing user access and security
SQL is used to manage user access and security in a database, such as creating users, granting and revoking privileges, and setting up security policies.

Performing data analysis
SQL is used to perform complex data analysis tasks, such as aggregating and summarizing data, calculating statistics, and generating reports.

Q. What are statements in SQL?
In SQL, a statement is a command or instruction that is used to interact with a database. SQL statements are used to perform various operations on a database, such as querying data, inserting new records, updating existing records, deleting records, creating tables, altering tables, and so on.

Q. What are different kinds of SQL statements?
SQL statements are categorized into different types based on their functionality. Some common types of SQL statements include:

Data Definition Language (DDL) statements
These statements are used to define the database schema, such as creating tables, altering tables, and dropping tables. Examples: CREATE, ALTER, DROP, etc.

Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements
These statements are used to manipulate data in the database, such as inserting data, updating data, deleting data, and querying data. Examples: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT, etc.
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Data Control Language (DCL) statements
These statements are used to control access to the database, such as granting and revoking permissions. Examples: GRANT, LOCK, REVOKE, etc.

Transaction Control Language (TCL) statements
These statements are used to control transactions in the database, such as committing transactions and rolling back transactions. Examples: COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT, etc.

Q. What is RDBMS?
RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System. The key difference here, compared to DBMS, is that RDBMS stores data in the form of a collection of tables, and relations can be defined between the common fields of these tables. Examples: MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, IBM DB2, etc.

Q. What is a table in SQL?
In SQL, a table is a collection of data organized in rows and columns. Each row represents a single record, and each column represents a specific data element or attribute of that record. Tables are the basic building blocks of a relational database, and are used to store and organize data in a structured way.

For example, a table might be used to store customer data for an e-commerce website, with each row representing a single customer and each column representing a different attribute of that customer, such as their name, address, and email address.

Tables can be created using the CREATE TABLE statement in SQL, which allows users to specify the name of the table, the names and data types of the columns, and any constraints on the data. Once a table has been created, data can be inserted into the table using the INSERT statement, and queried using the SELECT statement.

Tables can be modified using the ALTER TABLE statement, which allows users to add, remove, or modify columns, change data types, and add or remove constraints. They can also be dropped using the DROP TABLE statement, which deletes the table and all of its data from the database.

Q. What is a primary key in SQL?
In SQL, a primary key is a column or a set of columns in a table that uniquely identifies each record in the table. The primary key serves as a unique identifier for each row in the table and is used to enforce data integrity constraints.

Some key characteristics of a primary key include:

Uniqueness
Each value in the primary key column(s) must be unique, meaning that no two rows can have the same value for the primary key.

Non-nullability
Each value in the primary key column(s) must be non-null, meaning that no row can have a null value for the primary key.

Permanence
The primary key value(s) must not change over the lifetime of the row, as this would cause data integrity issues.

Minimality
The primary key should consist of as few columns as possible while still ensuring uniqueness.

In most SQL database management systems, a primary key is created by specifying the PRIMARY KEY constraint on one or more columns when creating a table. The primary key can also be added to an existing table using the ALTER TABLE statement.

The use of a primary key in SQL tables allows for efficient querying and manipulation of data, as well as enforcing referential integrity with other tables through the use of foreign keys.

Q. What is a foreign key in SQL?
In SQL, a foreign key is a field or set of fields in a table that refers to the primary key of another table. A foreign key establishes a link between two tables, allowing data to be associated between them.

For example, consider two tables: orders and customers. The orders table might have a foreign key column called customer_id, which refers to the id primary key column in the customers table. This allows each order in the orders table to be associated with a specific customer in the customers table.

Some key characteristics of a foreign key include:

Referential integrity
The foreign key establishes a referential integrity constraint between the two tables, ensuring that data in the orders table is consistent with data in the customers table.
One-to-many relationships
A foreign key can be used to represent a one-to-many relationship between two tables, where one record in the parent table can have many associated records in the child table.

Cascade actions
Cascade actions can be defined on foreign keys to specify what should happen when records in the parent table are deleted or updated. For example, a cascade delete action might delete all associated records in the child table when a record in the parent table is deleted.

Foreign keys can be defined using the FOREIGN KEY constraint when creating a table or using the ALTER TABLE statement to modify an existing table. Foreign keys can also be used in combination with indexes to improve the performance of queries that join multiple tables.

Q. Explain CREATE TABLE statement with example.
This statement is used to create a new table in the database. For example, the following statement creates a new table called customers with columns for customer ID, name, and email address:

CREATE TABLE customers (
  id INT PRIMARY KEY,
  name VARCHAR(50),
  email VARCHAR(50)
);
Q. Explain ALTER TABLE statement with example.
This statement is used to modify the structure of an existing table, such as adding a new column or changing the data type of column. For example, the following statement adds a new column called phone to the customers table:

ALTER TABLE customers
ADD COLUMN phone VARCHAR(20);
Q. Explain DROP TABLE statement with example.
This statement is used to delete an entire table from the database. For example, the following statement deletes the customers table:

DROP TABLE customers;
Q. Explain TRUNCATE TABLE statement with example.
This statement is used to delete all data from a table without deleting the table itself. For example, the following statement deletes all data from the customers table:

TRUNCATE TABLE customers;
Q. Explain CREATE INDEX statement with example.
This statement is used to create an index on one or more columns of a table, which can improve the performance of queries that filter or sort data based on those columns. For example, the following statement creates an index on the name column of the customers table:

CREATE INDEX idx_customers_name ON customers(name);
Q. Explain SELECT statement with example.
This statement is used to retrieve data from one or more tables in the database. For example, the following statement retrieves all columns from the customers table:

SELECT * FROM customers;
If we wish to select specific column(s) from the table then we need to specified those columns, separated by comma

SELECT name, email FROM customers;
Q. Explain INSERT INTO statement with example.
This statement is used to insert new data into a table. For example, the following statement inserts a new record into the customers table:

INSERT INTO customers (name, email)
VALUES ('John Smith', 'john@example.com');
Q. Explain UPDATE statement with example.
This statement is used to modify existing data in a table. For example, the following statement updates the email address of the customer with an ID of 1 in the "customers" table:

UPDATE customers
SET email = 'newemail@example.com'
WHERE id = 1;
Q. Explain DELETE FROM statement with example.
This statement is used to delete data from a table. For example, the following statement deletes the record for the customer with an ID of 2 from the "customers" table:

DELETE FROM customers
WHERE id = 2;
Q. Explain MERGE statement with example.
This statement is used to perform an upsert operation, which inserts a new row if it does not exist or updates an existing row if it does. For example, the following statement inserts a new record into the customers table if a record with the same email address does not exist, or updates the existing record if it does:

MERGE INTO customers AS target
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USING (VALUES ('john@example.com', 'John Smith')) AS source (email, name)
ON target.email = source.email
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
  INSERT (email, name)
  VALUES (source.email, source.name)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
  UPDATE SET name = source.name;
Q. Explain GRANT statement with example.
This statement is used to give users specific privileges to access objects in the database. For example, the following statement grants SELECT and INSERT privileges on the customers table to a user named user1:

GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON customers TO user1;
Q. Explain REVOKE statement with example.
This statement is used to remove user privileges from objects in the database. For example, the following statement revokes the SELECT privilege on the customers table from the user named user1:

REVOKE SELECT ON customers FROM user1;
Q. Explain DENY statement with example.
This statement is used to deny access to objects in the database, overriding any granted privileges. For example, the following statement denies the DELETE privilege on the orders table to the user named user2:

DENY DELETE ON orders TO user2;
Q. Explain COMMIT statement with example.
This statement is used to permanently save changes made to the database since the last COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement. For example, the following statement commits all changes made in the current transaction:

COMMIT;
Q. Explain ROLLBACK statement with example.
This statement is used to undo changes made to the database since the last COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement. For example, the following statement rolls back all changes made in the current transaction:

ROLLBACK;
Q. How do you add primary key in a table?
Create table with a single field as primary key in a new table
CREATE TABLE Students (
   ID INT NOT NULL
   Name VARCHAR(255)
   PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
Create table with multiple fields as primary key in a new table
CREATE TABLE Students (
   ID INT NOT NULL
   LastName VARCHAR(255)
   FirstName VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
   CONSTRAINT PK_Student
   PRIMARY KEY (ID, FirstName)
);
Set a column as primary key in already existing table
ALTER TABLE Students  
ADD PRIMARY KEY (ID);
Set multiple columns as primary key in already existing table
ALTER TABLE Students  
ADD CONSTRAINT PK_Student   /* Naming a Primary Key */
PRIMARY KEY (ID, FirstName);
Q. How do you add foreign key in a table?
Adding a foreign key to a new table. In this example, a new table orders is created with a foreign key constraint that references the customer_id column in the customers table.
CREATE TABLE orders (
   order_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
   customer_id INT,
   order_date DATE,
   FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES customers(customer_id)
);
Adding a foreign key to an already existing table. In this example, an existing orders table is altered to add a foreign key constraint named fk_customer_id that references the customer_id column in the customers table.
ALTER TABLE orders
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_customer_id
FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES customers(customer_id);
Q. What are CONSTRAINTS in SQL?
Constraints are used to specify the rules concerning data in the table. It can be applied for single or multiple fields in an SQL table during the creation of the table or after creating using the ALTER TABLE command. The constraints are:

NOT NULL - Restricts NULL value from being inserted into a column.
CHECK - Verifies that all values in a field satisfy a condition.
DEFAULT - Automatically assigns a default value if no value has been specified for the field.
UNIQUE - Ensures unique values to be inserted into the field.
INDEX - Indexes a field providing faster retrieval of records.
PRIMARY KEY - Uniquely identifies each record in a table.
FOREIGN KEY - Ensures referential integrity for a record in another table.
Q. What is a UNIQUE constraint?
A UNIQUE constraint ensures that all values in a column are different. This provides uniqueness for the column(s) and helps identify each row uniquely.