🔥🔥Project ISHAN🔥🔥

● ISHAN: Indian Single Sky Harmonized Air Traffic Management initiative.

● Objective: To Unify India’s air traffic management.

● Currently, India has four primary Flight Information Regions (FIRs) and one sub-FIR.

● New Centralized Location: Nagpur.

● Implementation By: AAI.

● Significance:

- Operational Efficiency: Improve air traffic operations.

- Capacity Enhancement: Increase airspace capacity.

- Congestion Reduction: Minimize flight delays and congestion.

- Economic and Environmental Benefits: Reduce fuel consumption and emissions.

- Enhanced Safety: Reduce miscommunications and operational errors.

Source : The Hindu
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World Press Freedom Index:

● Annual ranking of countries compiled by Reporters Without Borders (RSF) since 2002.

● Reflects the degree of freedom for journalists, news organizations, and netizens in each country.

- Methodology : Defines press freedom as the ability of journalists to select, produce, and disseminate news in the public interest, free from interference.

- Uses five indicators: political context, legal framework, economic context, sociocultural context, and safety.

World Press Freedom Index 2024:

- India's Ranking : 159th out of 180 countries, up from 161st last year.

- Asia-Pacific: Second most difficult region for journalism.

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Black-necked Crane

● Medium-sized member of the crane family (Grus nigricollis).

● Recognizable by its black neck, white body, and red crown.

- Habitat: Main breeding ground is high-altitude wetlands in the Tibetan plateau.

● Prefers wetlands with small mounds for breeding.

- Distribution: Found in India, China, and Bhutan.

- Threats: Habitat loss and degradation due to climate change, changes in agriculture practices, pollution, and environmental contamination.

- Conservation Status:

● IUCN: Near Threatened.

● Protected under The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (Schedule I) and CITES (Appendix I).

Source : PIB

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Commission on Population and Development

●Establishment: By the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in 1946.
● Renamed as the Commission on Population and Development by the General Assembly in 1994.
●Membership: 47 member countries.
● Members are elected for four-year terms based on geographic distribution.

- Functions:

● Three-tiered intergovernmental mechanism.
● Primary role in following up on the implementation of the programme of action at national, regional, and international levels.
● Provides advice to the Council.
●Meetings: Initially held every two or three years until 1994. Since 1994, meetings have been held annually.

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA):

● Establishment: Created in 1968 as an international development agency.
●Role: Supports execution of projects and programs in population and sexual and reproductive health.
●Headquarters: New York.

Source : Times of India

International Organisation for Migration (IOM)

- Established in : 1951

● It is a United Nations agency.

● Dedicated to promoting humane and orderly migration.

- Definition of Migrant: "A person who moves away from his or her place of usual residence, whether within a country or across an international border, temporarily or permanently, and for a variety of reasons."

- Functions:

● Supports migrants, internally displaced persons, refugees, and other uprooted people.

● Areas of focus include migration and development, facilitating migration, regulating migration, and addressing forced migration.

- Membership: 175 member states and 8 states holding observer status.

● India is a member country.

- Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland.

Source : IOM

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Capital Gains:

-Capital gains are profits derived from the sale of capital assets such as land, buildings, vehicles, intellectual property (patents, trademarks), leasehold rights, machinery, and jewellery.

-This category also extends to rights associated with Indian companies, including management, control, and other legal rights.

🔺Long Term Capital Gain Tax

-Unlisted Company Stocks: Long-Term Capital Gain (LTCG) applies if stocks are held for over 24 months.
-Listed Company Stocks: LTCG is applicable for stocks held for more than 12 months.
-Immovable Property: Properties held for more than 24 months fall under LTCG.
-Movable Property: Movable assets need to be held for over 36 months to qualify for LTCG.

🔺Short Term Capital Gain Tax
-Unlisted Stocks and Immovable Property:Taxed as STCG if sold within 24 months of acquisition.
-Listed Stocks and Securities:Considered for STCG if sold within 12 months.
-Movable Property:Assets sold within 36 months are subject to STCG.

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National Company Law Appellate Tribunal

- Establishment: Under Section 410 of the Companies Act, 2013.

● It serves as an appellate body.

- Purpose: Provides an efficient and specialized forum for addressing matters related to company law, insolvency, and competition law.

- Functions:

● Appeals under IBC: Hears appeals against orders passed by NCLT(s) under Section 61 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC).

● Competition Law: Hears and disposes of appeals against directions, decisions, or orders issued by the Competition Commission of India (CCI).

● Financial Reporting: Handles appeals against orders of the National Financial Reporting Authority.

- Composition: Consists of a chairperson, judicial members, and technical members.

- Appointment: By the Central Government based on their expertise and experience in fields such as law, finance, accountancy, management, and administration.

- Headquarters: New Delhi.

Source : Economic Times