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✅सही मार्गदर्शन के साथ मेहनत परिणाम देगा।
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✅सही मार्गदर्शन के साथ मेहनत परिणाम देगा।
➡️Sankalp Mains Hindi Medium Batch-2 2025 -https://bit.ly/4cGyRvb
Talk to sir 8830115524
Earth Day, 2018
• This day was first celebrated on April 22, 1970 and has ever since been an annual event.
• The person credited for organising the event 48 years ago is US Senator Gaylord Nelson.
• The theme of Earth Day 2018 is End Plastic Pollution.
(Plastic is non-biodegradable and disposed plastic can remain in the environment for up to 2,000 years).
• Earth Day 2018 is dedicated to providing the information and inspiration needed to fundamentally change human attitude and behavior about plastics.
• The idea is to encourage people to cut down on their plastic consumption by paying a closer attention to the number of plastic items each person consumes annually and make a conscious effort to reduce the amount.
• This day was first celebrated on April 22, 1970 and has ever since been an annual event.
• The person credited for organising the event 48 years ago is US Senator Gaylord Nelson.
• The theme of Earth Day 2018 is End Plastic Pollution.
(Plastic is non-biodegradable and disposed plastic can remain in the environment for up to 2,000 years).
• Earth Day 2018 is dedicated to providing the information and inspiration needed to fundamentally change human attitude and behavior about plastics.
• The idea is to encourage people to cut down on their plastic consumption by paying a closer attention to the number of plastic items each person consumes annually and make a conscious effort to reduce the amount.
Cesses seem to be emerging as the favourite form of taxation to fund the pet schemes of the government. After the Swacch Bharat cess, the recent Budget introduced two new cesses — the Krishi Kalyan Cess and the Infrastructure Cess, while the Clean Environment Cess was doubled. But to ward off criticism, 13 cesses, each yielding less than ₹50 crore a year, were abolished too.
What is it?
A cess is a tax that is levied by the government to raise funds for a specific purpose. Collections from the Education Cess and the Secondary and Higher Education Cess, for instance, are supposed to be used for funding primary and higher and secondary education respectively. Likewise, money collected from the newly introduced Krishi Kalyan Cess is to be used for funding agri development initiatives.
A cess is also different from the usual taxes such as personal income tax, excise duty and customs duty in another respect. All the taxes collected by the government usually go into the Consolidated Fund of India (CFI) which can be spent on any legitimate activity. But the collections from a cess are required to be kept outside of the CFI to be spent only on the specific purpose for which it was levied.
If there is an unspent amount, it is simply carried forward for use in the following year. While the Centre has to mandatorily share the revenue from other taxes with the States, it gets to retain the entire kitty with a cess.
Cesses are not supposed to be relied upon as a regular source of revenue. They are resorted to only for a particular purpose and are to be discontinued after the objective is met, though this often doesn’t happen in practise. Cesses can be computed in different ways. The Swachh Bharat Cess (0.5 per cent) and the Krishi Kalyan Cess (0.5 per cent) both apply on taxable services. They are simply added to the 14 per cent service tax rate, taking the final rate to 15 per cent. The Clean Environment Cess is applied at a flat rate of ₹400 on every tonne of coal.
The Education Cess on the other hand is computed as a tax on a tax. An individual with taxable income of ₹20 lakh and tax liability of ₹6 lakh, will pay education cess at 2 per cent of his tax (₹12,000).
Why is it important?
Governments love to rely on cesses because they are an easy way to raise tax revenue. Unlike taxes, cesses can be introduced, modified and removed any time without much trouble. As long as the government has a specific reason for imposing a cess, all that it has to do is to put out a notification to this effect. However, even a small modification in a tax rate has to be followed by accompanying amendments in the tax rules and regulations.
Just like taxes, cesses too peg up the cost of living for people like you and me. So, from an individual’s perspective, a cess is as bad as any tax. The recently introduced Infrastructure Cess (1-4 per cent) on motor vehicles has already led some car companies to announce price hikes, as they pass on the additional burden to their customers. Similarly, with the doubling of the Clean Environment Cess (from ₹200 to ₹400), electricity tariffs are expected to go up by 4-6 paise a unit. The 0.5 per cent Krishi Kalyan Cess means that for every ₹100 worth of taxable services, you will be charged 50 paise as cess.
The bottom line
Will cesses never cease? Well, if you live in a country like India, where there are so few tax payers, don’t bet on it
What is it?
A cess is a tax that is levied by the government to raise funds for a specific purpose. Collections from the Education Cess and the Secondary and Higher Education Cess, for instance, are supposed to be used for funding primary and higher and secondary education respectively. Likewise, money collected from the newly introduced Krishi Kalyan Cess is to be used for funding agri development initiatives.
A cess is also different from the usual taxes such as personal income tax, excise duty and customs duty in another respect. All the taxes collected by the government usually go into the Consolidated Fund of India (CFI) which can be spent on any legitimate activity. But the collections from a cess are required to be kept outside of the CFI to be spent only on the specific purpose for which it was levied.
If there is an unspent amount, it is simply carried forward for use in the following year. While the Centre has to mandatorily share the revenue from other taxes with the States, it gets to retain the entire kitty with a cess.
Cesses are not supposed to be relied upon as a regular source of revenue. They are resorted to only for a particular purpose and are to be discontinued after the objective is met, though this often doesn’t happen in practise. Cesses can be computed in different ways. The Swachh Bharat Cess (0.5 per cent) and the Krishi Kalyan Cess (0.5 per cent) both apply on taxable services. They are simply added to the 14 per cent service tax rate, taking the final rate to 15 per cent. The Clean Environment Cess is applied at a flat rate of ₹400 on every tonne of coal.
The Education Cess on the other hand is computed as a tax on a tax. An individual with taxable income of ₹20 lakh and tax liability of ₹6 lakh, will pay education cess at 2 per cent of his tax (₹12,000).
Why is it important?
Governments love to rely on cesses because they are an easy way to raise tax revenue. Unlike taxes, cesses can be introduced, modified and removed any time without much trouble. As long as the government has a specific reason for imposing a cess, all that it has to do is to put out a notification to this effect. However, even a small modification in a tax rate has to be followed by accompanying amendments in the tax rules and regulations.
Just like taxes, cesses too peg up the cost of living for people like you and me. So, from an individual’s perspective, a cess is as bad as any tax. The recently introduced Infrastructure Cess (1-4 per cent) on motor vehicles has already led some car companies to announce price hikes, as they pass on the additional burden to their customers. Similarly, with the doubling of the Clean Environment Cess (from ₹200 to ₹400), electricity tariffs are expected to go up by 4-6 paise a unit. The 0.5 per cent Krishi Kalyan Cess means that for every ₹100 worth of taxable services, you will be charged 50 paise as cess.
The bottom line
Will cesses never cease? Well, if you live in a country like India, where there are so few tax payers, don’t bet on it
The Gender Parity Index (GPI) is a socioeconomicindex usually designed to measure the relative access to education of males and females. This index is released by UNESCO. In its simplest form, it is calculated as the quotient of the number of females by the number of males enrolled in a given stage of education (primary, secondary, etc.). It is used by international organizations, particularly in measuring the progress of developing countries.
The Gender Inequality Index (GII) is an index for measurement of gender disparity that was introduced in the 2010 Human Development Report20th anniversary edition by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). According to the UNDP, this index is a composite measure to quantify the loss of achievement within a country due to gender inequality. It uses three dimensions to measure opportunity cost: reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.
The new index was introduced as an experimental measure to remedy the shortcomings of the previous indicators, the Gender Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), both of which were introduced in the 1995 Human Development Report.
Gender Development Index
UNDP HDI REPORT
The GDI measures gender gaps in human development achievements by accounting for disparities between women and men in three basic dimensions of human development—health, knowledge and living standards using the same component indicators as in the HDI. The GDI is the ratio of the HDIs calculated separately for females and males using the same methodology as in the HDI. It is a direct measure of gender gap showing the female HDI as a percentage of the male HDI.
Female HDI/MALE HDI
The Gender Gap Report was first published in 2006 by the World Economic Forum. The 2016 report covers 144 major and emerging economies.
The report’s Gender Gap Index ranks countries according to calculated gender gap between women and men in four key areas: health, education, economy and politics to gauge the state of gender equality in a country.
The Gender Inequality Index (GII) is an index for measurement of gender disparity that was introduced in the 2010 Human Development Report20th anniversary edition by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). According to the UNDP, this index is a composite measure to quantify the loss of achievement within a country due to gender inequality. It uses three dimensions to measure opportunity cost: reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.
The new index was introduced as an experimental measure to remedy the shortcomings of the previous indicators, the Gender Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), both of which were introduced in the 1995 Human Development Report.
Gender Development Index
UNDP HDI REPORT
The GDI measures gender gaps in human development achievements by accounting for disparities between women and men in three basic dimensions of human development—health, knowledge and living standards using the same component indicators as in the HDI. The GDI is the ratio of the HDIs calculated separately for females and males using the same methodology as in the HDI. It is a direct measure of gender gap showing the female HDI as a percentage of the male HDI.
Female HDI/MALE HDI
The Gender Gap Report was first published in 2006 by the World Economic Forum. The 2016 report covers 144 major and emerging economies.
The report’s Gender Gap Index ranks countries according to calculated gender gap between women and men in four key areas: health, education, economy and politics to gauge the state of gender equality in a country.
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Keep following and sharing for awsome content and guidence.
Under2 Coalition is a coalition of
subnational governments that aims to achieve greenhouse gases emissions mitigation. It started as a memorandum of understanding, which was signed by twelve founding jurisdictions on May 19, 2015 in Sacramento, California.[2] Although it was originally called the Under2 MOU, it became known as the Under2 Coalition in 2017. As of September 2017, the list of signatories has grown to 177 jurisdictions which combined encompasses 1.2 billion people and 39% of the world economy.
The Under2 Coalition, a Memorandum of Understanding by subnational governments to reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions towards net-zero by 2050, is generating a unique precedent for bold climate leadership, with its member states and regions surpassing 200 in number
Biosafety Clearing-House (BCH) is a mechanism set up by the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to facilitate the exchange of information on Living Modified Organisms (LMOs) and assist the Parties to better comply with their obligations under the Protocol. Global access to a variety of scientific, technical, environmental, legal and capacity building information is provided in the six official languages of the UN
Building Rating system in INDIA
1]LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design)
• It is an international certification run by U.S.
Green Building Council (USGBC), which
provides a framework to building owners
and operators for identifying and
implementing practical green building
solutions.
LEED INDIA
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) formed the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) in year 2001. IGBC is the non profit research institution having its offices in CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, which is itself a LEED certified Green building. Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) has licensed the LEED Green Building Standard from the USGBC
2]Energy Performance Index (EPI) in kWh / sqm/ year will be considered for rating the building by BUREAU OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY BEE
3]GRIHA
Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) is India’s own rating system jointly developed by TERI and the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India.
1]LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design)
• It is an international certification run by U.S.
Green Building Council (USGBC), which
provides a framework to building owners
and operators for identifying and
implementing practical green building
solutions.
LEED INDIA
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) formed the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) in year 2001. IGBC is the non profit research institution having its offices in CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, which is itself a LEED certified Green building. Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) has licensed the LEED Green Building Standard from the USGBC
2]Energy Performance Index (EPI) in kWh / sqm/ year will be considered for rating the building by BUREAU OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY BEE
3]GRIHA
Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) is India’s own rating system jointly developed by TERI and the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India.
SAFAR - India
System of Air Quality and Weather ForecastingAnd Research
Ministry of Earth Science, Govt. of India.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune
SAFAR system is developed by Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, along with ESSO partner institutions namely India Meteorological Department (IMD) and National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF).
The implementation of SAFAR is made possible with an active collaboration with local municipal corporations and various local educational institutions and governmental agencies in that Metro city.
The ultimate objective of the project is to increase awareness among general public regarding the air quality in their city well in advance so that appropriate mitigation measures and systematic action can be taken up for betterment of air quality and related health issues.
It engineers awareness drive by educating public, prompting self-mitigation and also to help develop mitigation strategies for policy makers.
System of Air Quality and Weather ForecastingAnd Research
Ministry of Earth Science, Govt. of India.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune
SAFAR system is developed by Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, along with ESSO partner institutions namely India Meteorological Department (IMD) and National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF).
The implementation of SAFAR is made possible with an active collaboration with local municipal corporations and various local educational institutions and governmental agencies in that Metro city.
The ultimate objective of the project is to increase awareness among general public regarding the air quality in their city well in advance so that appropriate mitigation measures and systematic action can be taken up for betterment of air quality and related health issues.
It engineers awareness drive by educating public, prompting self-mitigation and also to help develop mitigation strategies for policy makers.
Offshore Wind Project of India (FOWPI)
First Offshore Wind Project of India (FOWPI) is a project
Funded by European Union (EU) and it aims to support Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) and National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) in strengthening the country's offshore wind energy sector and provide technical assistance in preliminary implementation of first off-shore wind farm project of India, on a sea bed area of 70 sq. km.
with a tentative capacity sizing of 200MW near the Gulf of Khambat, approximately 25km off the shore of Gujarat.
First Offshore Wind Project of India (FOWPI) is a project
Funded by European Union (EU) and it aims to support Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) and National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) in strengthening the country's offshore wind energy sector and provide technical assistance in preliminary implementation of first off-shore wind farm project of India, on a sea bed area of 70 sq. km.
with a tentative capacity sizing of 200MW near the Gulf of Khambat, approximately 25km off the shore of Gujarat.