Mitral Regurgitation: pathogenesis and clinical findings
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Mitral stenosis :pathogenesis and clinical findings
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Treatment of shock: Explanation of basic mechanisms

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Type l Hypersensitivity :pathogenesis and clinical findings

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Type ll Hypersensitivity :pathogenesis and clinical findings

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Type lll Hypersensitivity :pathogenesis and clinical findings

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Signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism.

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Unstable Angina/Unstable Angina pectoris: pathogenesis and clinical findings
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#vascular_homeostasis..

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#PATHOLOGY
#CELL INJURY
#CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS
are reversible changes in the size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, or functions of cells in response to changes in their environment.

📌HYPERPLASIA
💡Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, resulting in increased size/ mass of the organ or tissue.
💡Hyperplasia occurs in cells capable of replication namely labile/stable or stem cells.
💡usually accompanied by hypertrophy.
💡Hyperplasia occurs due to increased recruitment of cells from G0(resting) phase of the cell cycle to undergo mitosis, when stimulated.
💡two forms
(1)-PHYSIOLOGICAL HYPERPLASIA
🎯HORMONAL HYPERPLASIA
--> Glandular epithelium at
female breast at puberty
and pregnancy
🎯COMPENSATORY
HYPERPLASIA
-->Bone marrow hyperplasia
following haemorrhage
-->Hyperplasia of the liver after
partial hepatectomy.
(2)-PATHOLOGICAL
HYPERPLASIA
🎯HORMONAL HYPERPLASIA
due to excessive hormones:
-->imbalance between estrogen
and progesteron ----menstrual
bleeding
-->increase TSH---thyrotoxicosis
🎯HYPERPLASIA
due to viral infection:
-->HPV-----Warts, squamous cell
papilloma
💡MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES
there is enlargement of the affected organ or tissue and increase in the number of cells. This is due to increased rate of DNA synthesis and hence increased mitoses of the cells.
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#PATHOLOGY
#CELL INJURY
#CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS
are reversible changes in the size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, or functions of cells in response to changes in their environment.
🔹Adaptations can be physiologic or pathologic
🔹Adaptations may have many causes

📌ATROPHY
💡 Atrophy is the reduced size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in cell size and number.
💡Decrease in cell size occurs by
–ubiquitin-proteosome degradation of cytoskeleton and autophagy of cellular components.
💡There is decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cells.
💡In atrophy cell death is mainly due to apoptosis.
💡Atrophy may occur from physiologic or pathologic causes:
(1)-PHYSIOLOGICAL ATROPHY
🎯AFTER PUBERTY
-> atrophy of thymus
🎯AFTER DELIVERY
-> relative atrophy of uterus
🎯AFTER MENOPAUSE
->Atrophy of mammary
glands and ovaries
(2)- PATHOLOGICAL ATROPHY
🎯local atrophy
->Disuse atrophy
(decreased workload)
->Denervation (loss of
innervation) atrophy
->Ischemic (diminished
blood supply) atrophy
->Pressure atrophy
🎯generalized atrophy
->Starvation (inadequate
nutrition) atrophy
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#anatomy_physiology
#mnemonics
Cranial nerves
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#pharma
#mnemonics
💊Drugs used in #gestational_hypertension

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#micro
#mnemonics
Pseudomona

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#Review_of_renal_physiology
#medical_notes

♻️ Regulation of glomerular filtration rate is done by :

🔰 Blood pressure (autoregulation)
🔰 Resistance of afferent arterioles and efferent arterioles.

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#Review_of_renal_physiology
#medical_notes

♻️ The effect of angiotensin II on kidney:

🔰 Direct effects of ang.II on Na reabsorption in the renal tubules.
🔰 Release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex ( aldosterone Acts on the distal and collecting tubules to cause retention of Na and excretion of K and H ).
🔰 Altered renal hemodynamic. ( Ang. II reduce renal blood flow by direct vasoconstriction ).
🔰 Effect on GFR . Ang. II influence glomerular filtration rate via several mechanisms :
❗️ constriction of the afferent arterioles ⬇️ GFR
❗️ contraction of mesangial cells ⬇️ GFR
❗️ constriction of efferent arterioles ⬆️ GFR

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#Review_of_renal_physiology
#medical_notes

♻️ Three pathway to control renin secretion from juxtaglomerular cells :

🔰 Macula densa pathway ( depends on NaCl concentration ).
🔰Intra-renal baroreceptors pathway ( which Sense renal afferent arteriolar pressure ).
🔰Beta-adrenergic receptors pathway ( mediated by the release of noradrenaline from postganglionic symptomatic nerves ).

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#Review_of_renal_physiology
#medical_notes

♻️The important to measuring GFR (mGFR): to detect early damage : by

🔰Clearance of exogenous substances: Inulin, iohexol, 51Cr-EDTA, 125I-iothalamate, 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA).
🔰Clearance of endogenous blood substances :
– Serum creatinine
– Creatinine clearance
– Serum cystatin C

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The ECG in PraCtice ⚡️
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The ECG made easy ⚡️
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