Sickle cell disease

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إيه المقصود بالـSilent Reflux؟

📋 Silent reflux, also known as laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), is a condition where stomach acid flows up into your throat and voice box, causing discomfort without the typical "heartburn" sensation.

🔑 key points about silent reflux:

🩺 Symptoms:
* Chronic cough
* Hoarseness and voice changes ️
* Difficulty swallowing
* Nausea and bad breath
* Sore throat
* Sleep apnea

🔖 Causes:
* Diet (spicy, fatty, acidic foods)
* Smoking
* Pregnancy
* Certain medications
* Hiatal hernia

💊 Treatment:
* Medication (acid reducers, PPIs)
* Dietary changes (avoiding trigger foods, small meals)
* Lifestyle modifications (elevating head while sleeping, quitting smoking) ️

📚 Reference ➡️ Mayo clinic

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تفريغ د عبد المتعال فودة

Nephrology
Review of physiology & pathology

By Dr Maymounah

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كل ما تريد معرفته عن
Vitamin D

🌞 Sunlight Source:
Vitamin D is often called the "sunshine vitamin" because the body produces it in response to sunlight.
Specifically, ultraviolet B (UVB) rays from the sun trigger the synthesis of vitamin D in the skin.

🍳 Dietary Sources:
While sunlight is a primary source, vitamin D can also be obtained from certain foods. Fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines, as well as fish liver oils, are among the best sources.
Smaller amounts are found in beef liver, cheese, and egg yolks.

💊 Supplementation:
In many cases, especially in regions with limited sunlight or for individuals with certain health conditions, vitamin D supplements are recommended to ensure adequate levels. These supplements come in two forms:
vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), with D3 being more effective at raising blood levels of the vitamin.

🦴 Bone Health:
Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium absorption, which is essential for maintaining healthy bones and teeth. Adequate levels of vitamin D help prevent rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, both conditions that cause bone weakening.

🧠 Immune System Support: Vitamin D is also vital for the proper functioning of the immune system.
It enhances the pathogen-fighting effects of monocytes and macrophages, white blood cells that are important parts of the immune defense, and decreases inflammation.

❤️ Cardiovascular Health: Emerging research suggests that vitamin D might play a role in heart health.
Some studies indicate that adequate levels of vitamin D can help reduce the risk of heart disease, though more research is needed to confirm these findings.

🌍 Global Deficiency:
Despite its importance, vitamin D deficiency is a global issue affecting millions of people.
Factors contributing to this include limited sun exposure due to geographical location, lifestyle factors, and the use of sunscreen, as well as dietary insufficiencies.

🩺 Health Risks of Deficiency:
A deficiency in vitamin D can lead to several health problems, including increased risk of chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, and autoimmune conditions.
It can also cause muscle weakness and pain, making it important to monitor and manage vitamin D levels.

🔬 Recommended Intake:
The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for vitamin D varies by age, sex, and life stage.
For example, adults generally need about 600-800 IU (International Units) per day, but higher amounts may be recommended for older adults or those with specific health conditions.

🌐 Reference ➡️ NHS

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