تفريغ د عبد المتعال فودة CNS

Therapy of epilepsy
Part2: 1st generation of antiepileptic drugs

By Dr Maymounah
"من إستفاد فلا ينسى الشهيد أبو آية بدعوة صادقة"

⚠️⚠️ملاحظة: واجهة صورة الpdf مكتوب بيها part3: 2nd generation سهواً انما هيه part2: 1st generation اتمنى الانتباه وشكراً💙💙

#Pharmacy

#Neurology

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إيه دور Empagliflozin في علاج مرضى CKD؟

🌟 Empagliflozin: A Potential Therapeutic Option for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Recent clinical trials have shed light on the potential benefits of empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

🔍 Emerging Evidence: The EMPA-KIDNEY trial demonstrated that empagliflozin therapy, compared to placebo, may significantly reduce the risk of a composite endpoint of kidney disease progression (including end-stage renal disease or sustained eGFR decline) or cardiovascular death in a broad population of CKD patients.

🔬 Mechanism of Action: Empagliflozin primarily functions by lowering blood sugar levels by promoting urinary sugar excretion. However, in CKD, it may also offer renoprotective effects by reducing intraglomerular pressure and inflammation.

💊 Potential Benefits: Clinical data suggests empagliflozin may slow CKD progression, decrease the need for dialysis, and reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications in some patients.
Additionally, research indicates a potential for decreased overall hospitalization rates.

📋 Individualized Treatment Considerations: It's important to note that empagliflozin is not universally recommended for all CKD patients.
Comorbidities, kidney function stage, and other medications should be considered when evaluating a patient's suitability for this therapy.

🔍 In Conclusion: Empagliflozin represents a promising therapeutic approach for specific CKD patient populations.
However, further research is needed to fully define its role in CKD management.

🌐 Reference ➡️ Pubmed

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كل ما تريد معرفته عن
Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT)

📋 Definition:

* BMT is a potentially curative treatment for various hematologic malignancies and disorders.
* It involves replacing diseased or nonfunctional bone marrow with healthy stem cells, enabling the patient to produce healthy blood cells.


🔬 Applications:

* BMT is considered for a range of conditions, including:
* Acute leukemias
* Lymphomas
* Myeloma
* Aplastic anemia
* Sickle cell disease

🩸Types of BMT:

* Autologous BMT: Utilizes the patient's own stem cells collected prior to conditioning.
* Allogeneic BMT: Employs stem cells from a matched donor, offering a graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect in malignancies.

🥼 BMT Process:

1. Conditioning Regimen: High-dose chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy eradicate residual malignant cells and immunosuppress the recipient to prepare for engraftment.
2. Stem Cell Collection:
* Autologous: Bone marrow aspiration or peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) apheresis.
* Allogeneic: PBSC apheresis from a matched donor (HLA-matched sibling or unrelated donor registry).
3. Stem Cell Infusion: Administered intravenously through a central venous catheter.
4. Engraftment: Period where infused stem cells migrate to the bone marrow and begin producing new blood cells.
5. Post-Transplant Care: Close monitoring for engraftment, infections, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).

⚕️ Considerations:

* BMT is a complex procedure with significant potential for complications.
* Patient selection requires careful evaluation of disease status, comorbidities, and performance status.
* Supportive care plays a vital role throughout the transplant journey.


🧠 Conclusion:

BMT remains a powerful therapeutic tool offering the potential for cure in various hematologic conditions. However, thorough patient selection, meticulous management, and a multidisciplinary approach are crucial for successful outcomes.

🌐 Reference ➡️ Mayo Clinic

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GLP-1 مقارنة
by Dr Mohamed Adel

#Endocrine

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كل ما تريد معرفته عن
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

📋 Definition: PTSD is a mental health disorder that develops following exposure to a traumatic event that involved actual or threatened death, serious injury.

🧠 Causes: Trauma can come in many forms, including:
* Combat or war experiences
* Serious accidents
* Witnessing traumatic events

⚕️ Symptoms: PTSD symptoms are typically categorized into four groups:

* Intrusion: Flashbacks, nightmares, and unwanted thoughts or images about the traumatic event.
* Avoidance: Avoiding places, people, and situations that trigger memories of the trauma.
* Negative Cognitions and Mood: Difficulty concentrating, negative thoughts about oneself or the world, feeling hopeless, guilty, or ashamed.
* Arousal and Reactivity: Difficulty sleeping, hypervigilance (being on high alert), irritability, or outbursts of anger.

🥼 Diagnosis and Treatment: PTSD is diagnosed by a mental health professional using established criteria. Effective treatments include psychotherapy (such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) and medication.

🌐 Reference ➡️ Clevelandclinic

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#quiz
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تفريغ د عبد المتعال فودة CNS

Therapy of epilepsy
Part3: 2nd generation of AEDs

By Dr Maymounah
"من إستفاد فلا ينسى الشهيد أبو آية بدعوة صادقة"

#Pharmacy

#Neurology

#Tafreghat

#غزة 🇵🇸

إيه دور Bromocriptine في علاج Cardiopathy؟

🔍 What is Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM)?
A weakening of the heart muscle that happens in the later stages of pregnancy or the first few months after delivery.

🩺 Symptoms include:
Shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs.

💊 What is Bromocriptine?
A medication that mimics dopamine, a brain chemical. Used to treat a variety of conditions, including Parkinson's disease and infertility.

🔬 How might Bromocriptine help with PPCM?
May help by lowering prolactin levels.
Prolactin is a hormone that increases during pregnancy and may contribute to heart dysfunction in PPCM.

🌟 Benefits of Bromocriptine for PPCM:
Studies suggest it may improve heart function recovery in women with PPCM.
May be associated with a lower risk of complications and death.
May be well-tolerated with minimal side effects.

⚠️ Important Considerations:
More research is needed to confirm the long-term benefits and safety of bromocriptine for PPCM.
It should be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional experienced in managing heart failure.
It's typically used in addition to standard heart failure therapy. Not a first-line treatment, but may be an option for women who don't respond well to standard therapy.

💡 Overall:
Bromocriptine shows promise as a treatment for PPCM, potentially improving heart function and outcomes.
More research is needed, but it may be a valuable option in some cases.

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تفريغات د طارق المقطري فارما

#Pharmacy

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🚨 اعلانات التلجرام تظهر بشكل إجباري ولا يمكن إلغائها فضلاً عمل ريبورت لأي إعلان قد يظهر به شبهة حرمانية 🚨

كل ما تريد معرفته عن Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain and a variety of associated symptoms. Here's a concise overview for healthcare professionals:


📌 Core Characteristics:
* Pain: Widespread chronic pain affecting multiple body areas, often described as deep, achy, or burning.
* Tender Points: While no longer the sole diagnostic criteria, specific areas (18 in total) around the neck, shoulders, hips, knees, and chest become tender upon palpation.

🔍 Associated Symptoms:
* Fatigue: A hallmark symptom, often described as profound and persistent exhaustion.
* Sleep Disturbances: Difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or achieving restful sleep.
* Cognitive Difficulties ("Fibro Fog"): Problems with memory, concentration, and focus.
* Headaches: Frequent or recurring headaches of varying types.
* Mood Issues: Anxiety and depression are commonly comorbid with fibromyalgia.

🔬 Diagnosis: There is no single definitive test. Diagnosis relies on a comprehensive evaluation, including:
* Detailed history focusing on pain location, duration, and characteristics.
* Physical examination to assess tender points and overall health.
* Exclusion of other conditions that may mimic fibromyalgia.

⚙️ Management: While there's no cure, treatment aims to improve function and quality of life. This may include:
* Pharmacological Therapy: Medications to manage pain, sleep disturbances, and mood issues.
* Physical Therapy: To improve flexibility, strength, and reduce pain.
* Stress Management Techniques: Cognitive-behavioral therapy and relaxation techniques can be helpful.
* Exercise Programs: Regular exercise, tailored to individual capabilities, can significantly improve symptoms.

🌐 Reference ➡️ Clevelandclinic

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تفريغ المضادات الحيوية د طارق المقطري

#Pharmacy

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إيه الفرق بين
Calcium chloride 🆚 carbonate❓

🏨 Indications
- Calcium Chloride:
Commonly used in emergency situations such as severe hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, or calcium channel blocker overdose. It is preferred when a rapid increase in serum calcium levels is required.
- Calcium Gluconate:
Also used to treat hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, and calcium channel blocker overdose, but it is typically chosen for less acute situations where a slower increase in serum calcium is sufficient.

💉 Formulations
- Calcium Chloride:
Available as a 10% solution for intravenous (IV) administration, providing 27.2 mg of elemental calcium per mL.
- Calcium Gluconate:
Available as a 10% solution for IV administration, but it provides less elemental calcium, with 9 mg per mL.

⏱️ Onset of Action
- Calcium Chloride:
Acts faster due to higher elemental calcium concentration, making it ideal for emergency use.
- Calcium Gluconate:
Slower onset compared to calcium chloride, making it suitable for non-emergency situations.

⚕️ Tissue Irritation
- Calcium Chloride:
More irritating to veins and can cause severe tissue necrosis if extravasation occurs. It must be administered via a central line or with extreme caution peripherally.
- Calcium Gluconate:
Less irritating and safer for peripheral administration, reducing the risk of tissue damage if extravasation occurs.

📊 Bioavailability
- Calcium Chloride:
Higher bioavailability due to its higher elemental calcium content, leading to a more immediate increase in serum calcium levels.
- Calcium Gluconate:
Lower bioavailability, resulting in a more gradual increase in serum calcium levels.

🔄 Compatibility
- Calcium Chloride: Less compatible with other IV medications and solutions, requiring careful management to avoid precipitation.
- Calcium Gluconate: More compatible with other IV medications and solutions, making it easier to incorporate into various treatment regimens.

💊 Usage
- Calcium Chloride: Often used in critical care and emergency settings where rapid correction of calcium levels is necessary.
- Calcium Gluconate:
Commonly used in both acute and chronic care settings for less urgent correction of calcium levels.

🔬 Clinical Preferences
- Calcium Chloride:
Preferred in acute life-threatening situations due to its potency and rapid action.
- Calcium Gluconate:
Preferred in routine clinical practice for its safety profile and reduced risk of tissue damage.

📋 Dosing Considerations
- Calcium Chloride:
Due to its higher potency, lower volumes are needed, but this requires careful dosing to avoid complications.
- Calcium Gluconate:
Larger volumes may be needed to achieve the same effect as calcium chloride, but it is generally safer and easier to manage.

🚑 Emergency Protocols
- Calcium Chloride:
Included in advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) protocols for its effectiveness in emergency situations.
- Calcium Gluconate:
Also used in emergency protocols, particularly when central line access is not available.

🌐 Reference ➡️ Medscape

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