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إزاي بيتم معرفة الـmechanism of action لدواء معين؟

🎯 Target Identification:
The process begins by identifying the drug's molecular target(s) within the body.

🔬 In vitro Studies:
Controlled laboratory experiments are conducted to assess the drug's interactions with its molecular targets.

🧫 Cell Culture Studies:
Assays are performed to evaluate the drug's effects on cellular processes and signaling pathways.

🐭 Animal Studies:
Preclinical trials in animals help understand the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action of the drug in living organisms.

💉 Clinical Trials:
Human trials provide insights into the drug's safety, efficacy, and mechanism of action in real-world settings.

🧬 Molecular Biology and Imaging Techniques:
Techniques like gene expression analysis and imaging help study drug-target interactions and physiological changes.

💻 Computational Modeling and Bioinformatics:
Computational methods predict drug-target interactions and analyze binding affinities.

📊 Integration of Data:
Data from various studies are integrated to develop a comprehensive understanding of the drug's mechanism of action.

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إيه الفرق بين
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
🆚 Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA)?

📋 The key differences between Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA):

Joint Involvement:

* RA: Multiple joints, often symmetrical (both sides affected equally).
Think of a mirror image where both sides have matching joint pain. 🪞
* PsA: Fewer joints, often asymmetrical (one side affected more than the other). Imagine pain like a party happening on just one side of your joints .

Symptoms:

* RA: Pain, stiffness, swelling, and warmth in the joints, often worse in the mornings. ☀️
* PsA: Pain, stiffness, swelling, and sometimes sausage-like swelling in fingers and toes. ️

Cause:

* RA: Autoimmune disease - the body's immune system attacks healthy tissues in the joints. ‍⚔️
* PsA: Exact cause unknown, but linked to genetics and psoriasis (a skin condition).

Diagnosis:

* RA: Blood tests (rheumatoid factor & CCP antibodies) and X-rays. Blood tests check for specific markers, and X-rays show joint damage. 🩻
* PsA: No single test, diagnosis based on symptoms, X-rays, and sometimes MRI scans. 🩻

Treatment:

* RA: Medications to slow disease progression and manage symptoms (like pain relievers & DMARDs). 💊
* PsA: Similar to RA, with additional options for skin symptoms if present.

Reference ➡️ Pubmed 🌐

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Diabetes mellitus by PDFology

#Endocrine

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Short practice summary boxes

By Dr Sabir Abdulrahman

#Surgery

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إيه المقصود بالـSterile Pyuria؟

🔍 Elevated White Blood Cells: Sterile pyuria is characterized by the presence of elevated white blood cells in a urine sample, without bacterial growth on culture.

🔬 Beyond Urinary Tract Infections: While urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common cause, sterile pyuria can also result from other conditions such as Kawasaki Disease and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection.

💡 Clinical Presentation: Symptoms of sterile pyuria vary depending on the underlying cause and may include cloudiness in the urine, bladder discomfort, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, and abdominal pain.

⚠️ Importance of Medical Evaluation: Consulting a physician is crucial if experiencing symptoms, especially following a recent UTI, to determine the cause and obtain appropriate treatment.

📋 Diagnostic Workup: A thorough evaluation typically involves a detailed medical history, physical examination, urine analysis, culture, and additional tests such as complete blood count and liver function tests.

💊 Treatment Considerations: Treatment for sterile pyuria is based on the identified cause. Antibiotics are commonly used for UTIs, while other underlying conditions require tailored treatment approaches.

🏨 Early Diagnosis and Management: Early diagnosis and management are vital to prevent complications associated with the underlying cause of sterile pyuria.

- Untreated conditions can lead to the spread of infection and serious consequences.

🌐 Reference ➡️ WebMD

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إيه المقصود بالـAquagenic urticaria؟

🌊 Aquagenic urticaria is a rare condition characterized by the development of hives (urticaria) upon contact with water, regardless of its temperature.

🔥 Symptoms typically include itching, redness, and hives appearing on the skin shortly after contact with water, which can range from mild to severe.

❄️ The exact cause of aquagenic urticaria is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve an abnormal immune response to water or certain substances in water.

🌿 Treatment options for aquagenic urticaria may include antihistamines to reduce itching and hives, as well as avoidance of water contact when possible.

☔ Managing aquagenic urticaria can be challenging, and individuals with this condition may require ongoing support and adaptation to minimize symptoms and improve quality of life.

🌐 Reference ➡️ Pubmed

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تفريغ د عبد المتعال فودة CNS

Part1:
Opioid analgesics

By Dr Maymounah
"من إستفاد فلا ينسى الشهيد أبو آية بدعوة صادقة"

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تفريغ د عبد المتعال فودة CNS

Part2:
Opioid analgesics

By Dr Maymounah
"من إستفاد فلا ينسى الشهيد أبو آية بدعوة صادقة"

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تفريغ د عبد المتعال فودة CNS

Lecture: 3
Analgesic & antipyretic drugs

By Dr Maymounah
"من إستفاد فلا ينسى الشهيد أبو آية بدعوة صادقة"

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تفريغ د عبد المتعال فودة
Hypertension

By Dr Asma

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#Cardiology

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تفريغ د عبد المتعال فودة Blood

Lecture:3
Immunomodulatory agents

By Dr Maymounah
"من إستفاد فلا ينسى الشهيد أبو آية بدعوة صادقة"

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#Hematology

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