#PATHOLOGY
#CELL INJURY
#CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS
are reversible changes in the size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, or functions of cells in response to changes in their environment.
🔹Adaptations can be physiologic or pathologic
🔹Adaptations may have many causes

📌ATROPHY
💡 Atrophy is the reduced size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in cell size and number.
💡Decrease in cell size occurs by
–ubiquitin-proteosome degradation of cytoskeleton and autophagy of cellular components.
💡There is decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cells.
💡In atrophy cell death is mainly due to apoptosis.
💡Atrophy may occur from physiologic or pathologic causes:
(1)-PHYSIOLOGICAL ATROPHY
🎯AFTER PUBERTY
-> atrophy of thymus
🎯AFTER DELIVERY
-> relative atrophy of uterus
🎯AFTER MENOPAUSE
->Atrophy of mammary
glands and ovaries
(2)- PATHOLOGICAL ATROPHY
🎯local atrophy
->Disuse atrophy
(decreased workload)
->Denervation (loss of
innervation) atrophy
->Ischemic (diminished
blood supply) atrophy
->Pressure atrophy
🎯generalized atrophy
->Starvation (inadequate
nutrition) atrophy
#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#anatomy_physiology
#mnemonics
Cranial nerves
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https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#pharma
#mnemonics
💊Drugs used in #gestational_hypertension

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#micro
#mnemonics
Pseudomona

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https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#Review_of_renal_physiology
#medical_notes

♻️ Regulation of glomerular filtration rate is done by :

🔰 Blood pressure (autoregulation)
🔰 Resistance of afferent arterioles and efferent arterioles.

#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#Review_of_renal_physiology
#medical_notes

♻️ The effect of angiotensin II on kidney:

🔰 Direct effects of ang.II on Na reabsorption in the renal tubules.
🔰 Release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex ( aldosterone Acts on the distal and collecting tubules to cause retention of Na and excretion of K and H ).
🔰 Altered renal hemodynamic. ( Ang. II reduce renal blood flow by direct vasoconstriction ).
🔰 Effect on GFR . Ang. II influence glomerular filtration rate via several mechanisms :
❗️ constriction of the afferent arterioles ⬇️ GFR
❗️ contraction of mesangial cells ⬇️ GFR
❗️ constriction of efferent arterioles ⬆️ GFR

#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#Review_of_renal_physiology
#medical_notes

♻️ Three pathway to control renin secretion from juxtaglomerular cells :

🔰 Macula densa pathway ( depends on NaCl concentration ).
🔰Intra-renal baroreceptors pathway ( which Sense renal afferent arteriolar pressure ).
🔰Beta-adrenergic receptors pathway ( mediated by the release of noradrenaline from postganglionic symptomatic nerves ).

#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA

#Review_of_renal_physiology
#medical_notes

♻️The important to measuring GFR (mGFR): to detect early damage : by

🔰Clearance of exogenous substances: Inulin, iohexol, 51Cr-EDTA, 125I-iothalamate, 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA).
🔰Clearance of endogenous blood substances :
– Serum creatinine
– Creatinine clearance
– Serum cystatin C

#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
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The ECG in PraCtice ⚡️
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The ECG made easy ⚡️
#للمزيد_تابعونا_على_قناتنا👇
https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFZhKa6Oq0WvKte1fA