The Pasteur effect is the suppression of glycolysis by mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. The Warburg effect is the inhibition/failure of the Pasteur effect. The Crabtree effect is the suppression of mitochondrial oxidative metabo- lism by glycolysis, i.e. the mirror image of the Pasteur effect

विटामिन की खोज वर्ष

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1913 : विटामिन A (रेटिनॉल) की खोज हुई थी।
1920 : विटामिन C (एस्काबिक अम्ल) की खोज हुई थी
1920: विटामिन D (कैल्सिफेरॉल) की खोज हुई थी।
1922: विटामिन E ( टोकोफेरॉलकी) खोज हुई थी।
1929: विटामिन K1 (फिलोक्विनोन) की खोज हुई थी।
1910: बिटामिन B1 (थायमिन) की खोज हुई थी।
1920 : विटामिन B2 (रायबोफ्लेविन) की खोज हुई थी
1936 :
विटामिन B3 (नियासिन ) की खोज हुई थी।
1931 : विटामिन B5 ( पेंटोथेनिक अम्ल) की खोज हुई थी
1934 : विटामिन B6 ( पाइरीडोक्सिन) की खोज हुई थी।
1931: विटामिन B7 (बायोटिन) की खोज हुई थी।
1941: बिटामिन B9 (फॉलिक अम्ल) की
year of discovery of vitamins

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1913: Vitamin A (retinol) was discovered.
1920: Vitamin C (ascabic acid) was discovered
1920: Vitamin D (calciferol) was discovered.
1922: Vitamin E (tocopherol) was discovered.
1929: Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) was discovered.
1910: Vitamin B1 (thiamine) was discovered.
1920: Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) was discovered
1936:
Vitamin B3 (niacin) was discovered.
1931: Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) was discovered
1934: Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) was discovered.
1931: Vitamin B7 (biotin) was discovered.
1941: Vitamin B9 (folic acid)

In glycolysis, regulators are molecules that control the activity of enzymes, either stimulating (positive regulators) or inhibiting (negative regulators) their function.

*Positive Regulators:*

- Stimulate enzyme activity
- Increase the rate of glycolysis
- Examples in glycolysis:
- Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6BP): stimulates phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) and pyruvate kinase (PK)
- AMP (Adenosine Monophosphate): stimulates PFK-1 and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK)

*Negative Regulators:*

- Inhibit enzyme activity
- Decrease the rate of glycolysis
- Examples in glycolysis:
- ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): inhibits PFK-1, hexokinase (HK), and PK
- Citrate: inhibits PFK-1
- Low pH: inhibits enzymes like PK and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)

These regulators ensure glycolysis is controlled and adjusted according to cellular energy needs, preventing excessive or insufficient glucose metabolism.

In biochemistry, the Luebering–Rapoport pathway (also called the Luebering–Rapoport shunt) is a metabolic pathway in mature erythrocytes involving the formation of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), which regulates oxygen release from hemoglobin and delivery to tissues.