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Reasons And Causes

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-기 때문에 gi ddaemune ( Because)

The connective -기 때문에 is used to express cause and reason. S1 + 기 때문에 is equivalent to the phrase because of S1, S2.

Structure :
Also, note that while this connective is used with verbs and adjectives, the form '-때문에" (without the '-기") is used with nouns and has the same meaning.

The conjugation rule is simple. The presence of 받침 or not does not change conjugation.

Example :

중국음식을 좋아하지 때문에 중국음식을 먹었어요.
jungkuk-eumsik-eul joh-a-haji ddaemune jungkuk-eumsik-eul meog-eosseoyo.
Because i like Chinese food, I ate Chinese food.

저는 시험을 못 봤기 때문에 대학교 못 가요.
jeoneun siheum-eul mos bwassgi ddaemune daehagyo mos gayo.
Because i did bab on the test, i wont be able to go to University.

비 때문에 안 가요 싶어요.
Bi ddaemune an gayo sipeoyo
Because of the rain, i dont want to go.

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-(으) 니까

In this lesson, you will learn how to use ~(으)니까 and ~(으)니 between two clauses to create a meaning that is similar to ~아/어서. Of course, just like every other grammatical principle, there are some subtle nuances that you should know about. Let’s get started.

Because of: ~(으)니까

In Lesson 37 you learned that you can place ~아/어서 between two clauses to create the meaning of “because,” “so” or “therefore.” For example:

제가 배가 안 고파서 더 먹기 싫어요.
Jega baega an gopaseo deo meoggi silh-eoyo.
I don’t want to eat anymore because I am full.

시험을 못 봐서 울고 싶어요.
siheom-eul mos bwaseo ulgo sipeoyo.
I want to cry because I did poorly on the exam.

You can also place ~(으)니까 between clauses to create a very similar meaning. For example:

제가 배가 안 고프니까 더 먹기 싫어요.
Jega baega an gopeunigga deo meoggi silheoyo.
I don’t want to eat anymore because I am full.

The subtle difference between these two grammatical principles is that ~(으)니까 is commonly used when the first clause is an excuse as to why the second clause occurs (usually an excuse as to why something can’t be done). As such, sometimes there is the slight feeling that the speaker is annoyed at the cause for something not happening. For example:

학교에 가야 되니까 지금 못 만나요.
hagyo-e gaya dwinigga jigeum mos mannayo.
I need to go to school, so I won’t be able to meet.

옆방이 아주 시끄러우니까 저는 잠을 못 잤어요.
yeopbang-i aju siggeuleowonigga jeoneun jam-meul mos jass-eoyo.
The room next to us is very loud, so I couldn’t sleep.

Unlike ~ 아/어서, the clause preceding ~(으)니까 can be conjugated into the past tense. For example:

어제 너무 바빴으니까 못 갔어요.
eoje neomu babbaseunigga mos gasseoyo.
I couldn’t go yesterday because I was so busy.

너를 좋아하지 않았으니까 헤어졌어.
neoleul joh-ahaji anhasseunigga he-eojyeosseo.
I broke up with you because I didn’t like you.


It is also common to end a sentence with ~(으)니까. This is similar to ending a sentence with “~아/어서,” in that the speaker is actually creating an incomplete sentence where the end of the sentence can be assumed from context. In practice, this is typically used to answer a question, where the answer starts with “because…” For example:

Person 1: 지금 만날 수 있어요?
Can you meet now?
Person 2: 아니요~ 못 만나요. 학교에 가야 되니까요
No, because I have to go to school

Person 1: 그것을 살 거야? = Are you going to buy that?
Person 2: 아니요~ 못 사요. 돈이 없으니까요 = … No, because I have no money

Person 1: 나랑 왜 헤어졌어? = Why did you break up with me?
Person 2: 너를 좋아하지 않았으니까 = … Because I didn’t like you

Person 1: 신발이 왜 벗겼어요? = Why did your shoe come off?
Person 2: 매듭이 너무 느슨하니까 = … Because the knot was too loose

Notice here that you can add “~요” to end of “~(으)니까.” Similar to when ~는데 is used at the end of a sentence (as you learned in Lesson 77), using ~(으)니까 like this can be seen as a little bit rude – even if you attach ~요 to the end of it. Like ~는데, there is the feeling that the person is talking back. Of course, this all depends on the situation and the atmosphere of the conversation.

I said earlier that “~(으)니까” is commonly used instead of using “~아/어서” when the first clause is an excuse to why the second clause can’t happen. I feel that this is true most of the time, although it doesn’t always have to be an excuse. For example:

제가 숙제를 다 했으니까 이제 영화를 볼 수 있어요.
jega sugjeleul da heasseunigga ije yeonghwaleul bol su isseoyo.
I am finished my homework, therefore, I can see a movie now.

반딧불이 지금 날고 있지 않으니까 빛깔이 안 나와요.
bandisbul-i jigeum nalgo issji anheunigga bachggal-i an nawayo.
The firefly is not flying now, so the color/light isn’t coming out (not shining).

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Because/Therefore: V/A + ~아/어서

~아/어서 is added to the stem of a verb or adjective in a clause to connect it with the upcoming clause. First, let’s look at how “because” sentences are formed in English. When saying a sentence with “because,” there are two clauses:

I want to eat
I am hungry

Both are independent clauses that can be sentences on their own. However, if we insert “because” between the two, we can create a sentence with two clauses:

I want to eat because I am hungry

The hardest part about saying these sentences in Korean is that the order is reversed. So, instead of saying:

I want to eat because I am hungry
I want to go to the park because I am bored

In Korean, we say:

Because I am hungry, I want to eat
Because I am bored, I want to go to the park

Now let’s look at these simple sentences in Korean. We have our two clauses again:

저는 밥을 먹고 싶어요
jeoneun bab-eul meog-go sip-eo-yo.
I want to eat.
저는 배고파요
jeoneun baegopayo.
I am hungry.

Same as in English; both are independent clauses and can be sentences on their own. However, by inserting ~아/어서 between the two, we can create the meaning of “because.” For example:

저는 배고프(+~아/어서) 저는 밥을 먹고 싶어요
jeoneun baegopeu (+~a/eoseo) jeoneun bab-eul meoggo sipeoyo.


Example :

제가 배고파(서) 저는 밥을 먹고 싶어요
jega baegopa(seo) jeoneun bab-eul meoggo sipeoyo.
Because I am hungry, I want to eat

제가 배고파(서) 제가 밥을 먹고 싶어요
jega baegopa(seo) jega bab-eul meoggo sipeoyo.
Because I am hungry, I want to eat.

Remember that ~이/가 should be added to the subject of any clause that is not the main clause of a sentence. ~는/은 or ~이/가 can be added to the subject of the main clause of the sentence, depending on the specific meaning you are trying to create (although they both essentially have the same meaning).

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~아/어서 in the Past Tense

You cant conjugate a word into the past tense and then use ~아/어서. For example, the following is incorrect:

저는 배고팠(아서) 밥을 먹었어요
jeoneun baegopass(aseo) bab-eul meog-eosseoyo.
I was hungry so I ate.


Instead, the tense of the first clause is inferred from the context of the sentence. For example:

저는 배고파서 밥을 먹었어요 
jeoneun baegopaseo bab-eul meogeosseoyo.
I was hungry, so I ate.
Notice that this sentence wouldn’t make sense if it were “I am hungry, so I ate.”

The final clause of the sentence doesn’t necessarily need to be in the past tense in order to suggest that the first clause is in the past. For example, notice how the final clause below is in the present tense, but the first clause is in the past tense:

점심을 안 먹어서 지금 먹고 있어요
jeomsim-eul an meogeoseo jigeum meoggo isseoyo.
I didn’t eat lunch, so I’m eating now.
Notice that this sentence wouldn’t make sense if it were “I’m not eating lunch so I’m eating now.”

Also, it is possible that the final clause of the sentence be in the future tense to suggest that the first clause is in the past tense. For example:

거기에 안 가 봐서 내일 갈 거예요 
geogi-e an ga bwaseo naeil gal geoyeyo.
I haven’t been there yet, so I will go tomorrow.
Notice that this sentence wouldn’t make sense if it were “I’m not going there yet so I’ll go tomorrow.”

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Adding ~아/어서 to 이다

When adding ~아/어서 to 이다, the same principle as before applies. Again, let’s look at two clauses:

I want to go to the park.
저는 공원에 가고 싶어요.
jeoneun gongwon-e gago sipeoyo.

It is Sunday.
일요일이다.
ilyo-il-i-da.

Again, both are independent clauses that can be sentences on their own. However, if we insert “because” between the two clauses, we can make:

I want to go to the park because it is Sunday
Which, in Korean, would be written as:

일요일이다 (+ ~아/어서) 저는 공원에 가고 싶어요
ilyo-il-ida (+ ~a/eoseo) jeoneun gongwon-e gago sipeoyo.

Which is done like this:

일요일이어서 저는 공원에 가고 싶어요 
ilyo-il-idaseo jeoneun gongwon-e gago sipeoyo.
It is Sunday, so I want to go to the park.

~어서 is always added to 이다 and never ~아서 because the last vowel of the stem of 이다 will always be “이.” So, for example:

일요일이어서 il-yo il-i-eoseo = On Sunday
건물이어서 geonmul-i-eoseo = Building
공원이어서 gonwon-i-eoseo = Park

의사이어서 wisa-i-eoseo = Being a Doctor
여자이어서 yeoja-i-eoseo = Being a Woman
남자이어서 namja-i-eoseo = Being a Man

When the word 이다 is attached to ends in a vowel (like in 의사, 여자 and 남자) 이 and 어 can merge to form 여. For example:

의사여서 wisa-yeoseo = Being a Doctor
여자여서 yeoja-yeoseo = Because its a woman
남자여서 namja-yeoseo = Being a Man

There is a difference simply because of ease of pronunciation. If you were to say “일요일여서” it is hard to pronounce because your tongue has to move from the ㄹ sound to the 여 sound right away.

Adding ~이라(서) or ~라(서) has the exact same meaning of ~이어서 and ~여서 respectively. That is, you can add ~이라(서) to nouns ending in a consonant and 라(서) to nouns ending in a vowel. Both are possible, but I find that ~(이)라(서) is used more often in speech (not to say that it is not used in writing – but when speaking, ~(이)라서 is more common than ~이어서 or ~여서). To me, ~(이)라서 just flows off my tongue better.

For example:

일요일이어서 공원에 가고 싶어요.
ilyo-il-idaseo gongwon-e gago sipeoyo.
It is Sunday, so I want to go to the park.

일요일이라서 공원에 가고 싶어요.
ilyo-il-ilaseo gongwon-e gago sipeoyo.
It is Sunday, so I want to go to the park.

Happy fasting to all muslim people around the world 💖 stay home, stay safe and stay healthy 🤗

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-(으)ㄹ까 보다 (i am worried about/that)

This form is attached to a verb and indicates the speakers is conjecture or intentions concerning the action or condition being talked about.

-(으)ㄹ까 봐(서) is formed by attaching -아서 to -(으)ㄹ까 보다. It shows that the action in the second clause is done because of fears about the action or condition in the first clause.
"is thinking of doing, maybe i'll ... " usually first person -(으)ㄹ까 봐(서) : for fear ... ; for fear thay ... ; (afraid/concerned) that ...

Structure :
A/V (으)ㄹ까 봐(서)

Example :
1) 늦었는데 택시를 탈까 보다.
neuj-eossneunde taegsi-leul talgga buda.
It is late so i'm thinking of taking a taxi.

2) 남어질까 봐 손을 잡고 겄어요.
nam-eojilgga bwa noneul jabgo geosseoyo.
It looked like he might fall so i help his hand and go.

3) 아까 그 방에서 한잠 잘까 봐요.
agga geu bang-eseo hanjam jalgga bwayo.
I think i'll have a nap in that room.
(you just showed me).

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-고 해서 -one of the reasons, because of this (amongst others things)

This grammar pattern can be used to "state the primary reason for an action or event in the following clause while also indicating there are also other reasons."

In other words, the first clause is ONE of numerous reasons that caused the second clause. In addition, this first clause gives the primary reason for the second
-and hints at other reasons. This pattern is equivalent to 'A is one of the reasons why B' or 'among other things...'

Structure :

Note that you can also use the structure 고 -고 해서 to list more than two or more reasons.

Examples:

1) 비도 오고 해서 온종일 집에 있었어요.
bido ogo haeseo onjongil jib-e isseosseoyo.
it was raining and all so i stayed home the whole day.

2) 두 사람은 쥐미도 같고 해서 자주 만나요.
do salameun jwimido gatgo haeseo jaju mannaseo.
The two of them have the same hobbies and all so they meet often.

3) 시간이 없고 해서 못 가요.
sigani eobsgo haeseo mot gayo.
i dont have time (amongst other reasons), so i can't go.

Salam Syawal to all muslim people who are celebrating this festive season! ✨ 🕌 Happy Eid Adha Selamat Hari Raya 🥰
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