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#AFCAT #Idioms
161. Calm before the storm - Peace before trouble.
162. Cat got your tongue? - Why are you silent?
163. Come rain or shine - No matter what.
164. Cross that bridge when you come to it - Deal with it later.
165. Cut to the chase - Get to the point.
166. Devil's in the details - Small things matter.
167. Do unto others as you would have them do unto you - Treat others well.
168. Don't bite the hand that feeds you - Don't harm those who help you.
169. Don't cry over spilled milk - Don't dwell on past mistakes.
170. Don't put all your eggs in one basket - Don't risk everything on one thing.
171. Drive someone up the wall - Annoy someone greatly.
172. Easy does it - Be careful.
173. Every cloud has a silver lining - There's something good in every bad situation.
174. Fair and square - Honest and straightforward.
175. Fit as a fiddle - In good health.
176. Fortune favors the bold - Take risks.
177. Get cold feet - Feel too scared to do something.
178. Give it a whirl - Try something.
179. Go the extra mile - Make an extra effort.
180. Go with the flow - Accept things as they come.

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#AFCAT #Idioms
181. Have a change of heart - Change your mind.
182. Hit the sack - Go to bed.
183. In the same boat - In the same situation.
184. It's not rocket science - It's not complicated.
185. Keep your eyes peeled - Stay alert.
186. Kill two birds with one stone - Accomplish two things at once.
187. Leave no stone unturned - Do everything possible.
188. Let the cat out of the bag - Reveal a secret.
189. Make a long story short - Tell something briefly.
190. Miss the boat - Miss an opportunity.
191. No pain, no gain - You have to work for what you want.
192. Once in a blue moon - Rarely.
193. On thin ice - In a risky situation.
194. Play it by ear - Improvise.
195. Pull someone's leg - Joke or tease someone.
196. Rain on someone's parade - Ruin someone's plans.
197. Shoot from the hip - Speak directly.
198. Sleep on it - Think about something before making a decision.
199. Spill the beans - Reveal a secret.
200. Throw in the towel - Give up.

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#lecturette #CA
Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) System

Why in the News?
- The Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully flight-tested the Phase-II Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) System.
- The BMD System aims to defend against attacks by launching interceptors to destroy incoming missiles on impact.

About the Test:
- DRDO successfully demonstrated the indigenous capability to defend against ballistic missiles of the 5,000 km class with Phase-II AD Endo-atmospheric missile tests.
- The Target Missile was detected by weapon system radars deployed on land and sea, which activated the Air Defence (AD) interceptor system.
- The flight test met all trial objectives, validating the complete network-centric warfare weapon system, which includes:
- Long-range sensors
- Low latency communication system
- Mission Control Centre
- Advanced interceptor missiles

India's BMD Programme:
- Aim: To deploy a layered missile shield to protect the country from ballistic missile attacks.
- Phases:
- Phase I:
- Can intercept ballistic missiles with a range of up to 2,000 km.
- Components:
- Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile for exo-atmospheric ranges (50-80 km).
- Advanced Area Defence (AAD) missile for endo-atmospheric ranges (15-30 km).
- Phase II:
- Consists of two missiles, AD-1 and AD-2.
- In November 2022, DRDO successfully tested the long-range interceptor missile (AD-1).

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#lecturette
India and Bangladesh


India and Bangladesh share a multifaceted and historically significant relationship characterized by deep cultural, economic, and political ties. Here's an overview of the key aspects of their relationship:

Historical Context:
1. Liberation War (1971):
- The most significant historical event shaping India-Bangladesh relations is the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. India played a crucial role in supporting Bangladesh’s struggle for independence from Pakistan, both militarily and diplomatically. This has led to a foundation of gratitude and strong ties between the two nations.

2. Treaties and Agreements:
- Over the decades, India and Bangladesh have signed several important treaties, including the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) to settle border disputes, and its protocol signed in 2011, which led to the exchange of enclaves in 2015, a major step in resolving longstanding border issues.

Political Relations:
1. Bilateral Cooperation:
- India and Bangladesh have maintained regular high-level political exchanges, with frequent visits by leaders from both sides. This includes various bilateral meetings, joint statements, and the establishment of mechanisms like the Joint Consultative Commission to oversee cooperation.

2. Regional Cooperation:
- Both countries are active members of regional organizations such as SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation), BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation), and BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal Initiative) to foster regional connectivity and cooperation.

Economic and Trade Relations:
1. Trade:
- India is one of Bangladesh’s largest trading partners. The trade relationship is robust, with India exporting a variety of goods including textiles, machinery, and agricultural products, while Bangladesh exports products like jute, fish, and readymade garments to India.
- There have been ongoing efforts to reduce trade imbalances and promote greater economic integration. For instance, India has granted duty-free access to several Bangladeshi products under SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Area).

2. Investment:
- Indian companies have increasingly invested in Bangladesh, particularly in sectors like telecommunications, energy, and infrastructure. Conversely, Bangladeshi investments in India, though smaller, are also growing, especially in sectors like pharmaceuticals and textiles.

3. Connectivity Projects:
- India and Bangladesh have focused on enhancing connectivity through various infrastructure projects, such as road, rail, and inland waterway links. The Maitree Express train service and bus services between Kolkata and Dhaka are examples of efforts to improve people-to-people connectivity.

Security Cooperation:
1. Counterterrorism and Border Management:
- Both countries cooperate closely on counterterrorism and security issues, sharing intelligence and conducting joint operations against insurgent groups that threaten regional stability.
- Border management remains a sensitive issue, with efforts to curb illegal activities like smuggling and human trafficking while ensuring the safety and security of border populations.

2. Defense Cooperation:
- The two nations have increased their defense cooperation through joint military exercises, training programs, and regular defense dialogues. This has helped build trust and foster a better understanding between their armed forces.

Cultural and People-to-People Ties:
1. Cultural Exchange:
- India and Bangladesh share deep cultural ties, with a common heritage of language, music, art, and literature, particularly in the Bengal region. Cultural exchange programs, scholarships, and festivals have strengthened these bonds.

2. Diaspora:
- A significant number of people of Bangladeshi origin live and work in India, and there are also many Indians working in Bangladesh. This diaspora acts as a bridge, fostering closer social and economic ties.

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Challenges:
1. Water Sharing:
- Water sharing, particularly regarding the Teesta River, remains a contentious issue. While agreements like the Ganges Water Treaty (1996) have been successful, the Teesta River agreement has been stalled due to internal political considerations in India.

2. Illegal Immigration:
- Illegal immigration from Bangladesh to India has been a sensitive issue, particularly in the Indian states bordering Bangladesh. This has occasionally led to political tensions.

3. Rohingya Refugee Crisis:
- The Rohingya refugee crisis, with a large number of refugees from Myanmar seeking shelter in Bangladesh, has also been a concern for both countries, with India providing humanitarian assistance to Bangladesh.

Conclusion:
India and Bangladesh enjoy a strong, multifaceted relationship characterized by deep historical ties, robust economic interactions, and growing security cooperation. While challenges remain, particularly in areas like water sharing and border management, both nations continue to work closely to enhance cooperation and address common concerns. The future of India-Bangladesh relations appears promising, with ongoing efforts to deepen economic integration, improve connectivity, and foster greater cultural and people-to-people exchanges.

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