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To Make the Perfect Mirror, Physicists Confront the Mystery of Glass

Sometimes a mirror that reflects 99.9999% of light isn’t good enough...

The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory can sense movements thousands of times tinier than the width of an atom partly because of the instrument’s near-perfect mirrors. The mirrors bounce laser beams back and forth down the arms of LIGO’s L-shaped detectors. Changes in the relative lengths of the arms reveal when a gravitational wave flutters past Earth, stretching and squeezing space-time.

They’re nothing like regular mirrors. In your bathroom mirror, light reflects off metal, which has glass in front of it merely for protection. But LIGO’s 100-kilowatt laser would fry any metal. Instead, its mirrors are made entirely of glass.
Why Do Matter Particles Come in Threes? A Physics Titan Weighs In.


Puzzlingly, the laws of nature appear to be composed in triplicate, with three copies of all matter particles, each heavier than the last but otherwise identical.
Miguel Ramos holds up a piece of fossilized amber. After settling for 110 million years, the amber was thought to approach the state of ideal glass, where molecules are packed together in the densest possible random arrangement