Forwarded from Deleted Account
Summer music festival Langdon park Tower Hamlets. Free food and music if you get you jab. 🥴
Forwarded from Deleted Account
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The incident took place at an airport in Australia where the man was sitting with his friend having a beer whilst waiting to board a flight. Two police officers then harass the man due to him not wearing a face covering which is a legal requirement unless exempt in Australia.
The man, who was wearing a lanyard saying he is medically exempt, told the officers that he was medically exempt at which point they illegally asked for evidence. They then removed him from the airport and rang his Doctor. @dailyexpose
https://dailyexpose.co.uk/2021/08/01/tyranny-police-arrest-mask-exempt-man-video/
The man, who was wearing a lanyard saying he is medically exempt, told the officers that he was medically exempt at which point they illegally asked for evidence. They then removed him from the airport and rang his Doctor. @dailyexpose
https://dailyexpose.co.uk/2021/08/01/tyranny-police-arrest-mask-exempt-man-video/
The Expose
VIDEO – Man arrested and banned from flying due to not wearing a mask despite police illegally ringing his Doctor to prove his…
Shocking footage of two tyrannical police officers harassing, assaulting, and then fraudulently charging a man who was not wearing a face covering has been released. The incident took place at an a…
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TRENTO, ITALY 🇮🇹 Protest outside the state TV offices.
As this is an information war it makes sense to protest directly in front of state TV studios offices & HQs.
The people are chanting "Venduti" or "sell-outs" in English.
As this is an information war it makes sense to protest directly in front of state TV studios offices & HQs.
The people are chanting "Venduti" or "sell-outs" in English.
"Why on earth would the United Kingdom need to purchase two years worth of Midazolam, a drug associated with respiratory suppression and respiratory arrest, to treat a disease that causes respiratory suppression and respiratory arrest?
Two years worth of Midazolam was purchased in March 2020, however at the same time operations were cancelled for a minimum of three months, therefore Midazolam was not required for use in sedation prior to operations. Guidelines published prior to the alleged pandemic clearly state that Midazolam should be used in extremely low doses in the elderly or unwell, and should be used with extreme caution in those suffering respiratory disease due to side effects which include respiratory depression. We’re told Covid-19 is a respiratory disease and complications present pneumonia and severe respiratory distress. Therefore considering all of this the purchase of two years worth of Midazolam seems to be an awful waste of money, doesn’t it? As there doesn’t seem to be much they could possibly use it for within the guidelines." @dailyexpose
https://dailyexpose.co.uk/2021/06/13/stay-at-home-protect-the-nhs-give-midazolam-to-the-elderly-and-tell-you-they-are-covid-deaths/
Two years worth of Midazolam was purchased in March 2020, however at the same time operations were cancelled for a minimum of three months, therefore Midazolam was not required for use in sedation prior to operations. Guidelines published prior to the alleged pandemic clearly state that Midazolam should be used in extremely low doses in the elderly or unwell, and should be used with extreme caution in those suffering respiratory disease due to side effects which include respiratory depression. We’re told Covid-19 is a respiratory disease and complications present pneumonia and severe respiratory distress. Therefore considering all of this the purchase of two years worth of Midazolam seems to be an awful waste of money, doesn’t it? As there doesn’t seem to be much they could possibly use it for within the guidelines." @dailyexpose
https://dailyexpose.co.uk/2021/06/13/stay-at-home-protect-the-nhs-give-midazolam-to-the-elderly-and-tell-you-they-are-covid-deaths/
The Expose - Home
The Evidence – ‘You stayed at home, to protect the NHS, but they gave Midazolam to the Elderly and told you they were Covid Deaths’…
In March 2020 the British people were told that they must "stay at home" in order to "protect the NHS" and "save lives". They were also told that the authorities needed just "three weeks to flatten the curve". Why were the British people instructed to stay…
"We are in a phase of religious fundamentalist totalitarianism.
In this phase, which is reaching its hysterical climax, the Vaccine is the new God. The parallel with religions in their extremes is striking.
In this story of the Almighty Vaccine, there are also many sincere believers. Some are even the fanatics, the token extremists.
They believe.
No matter what you say, serious studies or solid reasoning, it won’t change anything.
A French minister said it in these fundamentalist terms in 2015, “Vaccination is not debatable”
https://www.globalresearch.ca/the-specter-of-vaccine-fundamentalism-bowing-down-and-serving-the-god-of-vaccines/5751611
In this phase, which is reaching its hysterical climax, the Vaccine is the new God. The parallel with religions in their extremes is striking.
In this story of the Almighty Vaccine, there are also many sincere believers. Some are even the fanatics, the token extremists.
They believe.
No matter what you say, serious studies or solid reasoning, it won’t change anything.
A French minister said it in these fundamentalist terms in 2015, “Vaccination is not debatable”
https://www.globalresearch.ca/the-specter-of-vaccine-fundamentalism-bowing-down-and-serving-the-god-of-vaccines/5751611
Forwarded from Mike Yeadon
https://youtu.be/noaaw9b-ID4
This is SO damning - especially the last 3minutes.
Her assessment is Boris is being told what to do. She doesn’t recognise him at all.
She alludes to meetings at the Bank of England, before the first lockdown.
The subtext is he was given a fait accompli. “How was this financed?
Tell the truth. You’ve been lying to the British people”.
She lives in Florida & can see first hand that everything is normal.
Mike Yeadon
This is SO damning - especially the last 3minutes.
Her assessment is Boris is being told what to do. She doesn’t recognise him at all.
She alludes to meetings at the Bank of England, before the first lockdown.
The subtext is he was given a fait accompli. “How was this financed?
Tell the truth. You’ve been lying to the British people”.
She lives in Florida & can see first hand that everything is normal.
Mike Yeadon
YouTube
Jennifer Arcuri slams the PM: 'This imposter parading around Number 10 is not a man I know at all.'
Entrepreneur Jennifer Arcuri says the UK 'has never been more enslaved' than under Boris Johnson's leadership.
Watch the full interview here.
Download the GB News App to watch live wherever you are, catch up with all our shows and get the latest news from…
Watch the full interview here.
Download the GB News App to watch live wherever you are, catch up with all our shows and get the latest news from…
Forwarded from CIVILIANAIRE Civilianaire.in
There it is. The patent and the ingredient : graphene
👉 "Methods for Producing Recombinant Coronavirus," April 19 2002. 👈
"STATEMENT OF FEDERAL SUPPORT 👇👇
This invention was made possible with government support under grant numbers AI23946 and GM63228 from the National Institutes of Health. The United States government has certain rights to this invention."
"FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to methods of producing recombinant nidovirus vectors, particularly coronavirus vectors, and expressing heterologous genes from said vectors."
https://patents.justia.com/patent/7279327
"The new corona vaccine contains graphene oxide, carnosine, CpG and new corona virus RBD; binding carnosine, CpG and neocoronavirus RBD on the backbone of graphene oxide..."
https://patents.google.com/patent/CN112220919A/en
👉 "Methods for Producing Recombinant Coronavirus," April 19 2002. 👈
"STATEMENT OF FEDERAL SUPPORT 👇👇
This invention was made possible with government support under grant numbers AI23946 and GM63228 from the National Institutes of Health. The United States government has certain rights to this invention."
"FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to methods of producing recombinant nidovirus vectors, particularly coronavirus vectors, and expressing heterologous genes from said vectors."
https://patents.justia.com/patent/7279327
"The new corona vaccine contains graphene oxide, carnosine, CpG and new corona virus RBD; binding carnosine, CpG and neocoronavirus RBD on the backbone of graphene oxide..."
https://patents.google.com/patent/CN112220919A/en
Justia
U.S. Patent for Methods for producing recombinant coronavirus Patent (Patent # 7,279,327 issued October 9, 2007) - Justia Patents…
A helper cell for producing an infectious, replication defective, coronavirus (or more generally nidovirus) particle cell comprises (a) a nidovirus permissive cell; (b) a nidovirus replicon RNA comprising the nidovirus packaging signal and a heterologous…
Forwarded from Vix
The FauciCOVID-19 Dossier.pdf
4.7 MB
"The vaccine-induced magnetism hinges around the possibility that a 👉graphene-like compound👈 was used as an adjuvant to increase the rate of uptake of the mRNA.
"But how could this have happened since neither graphene or graphene oxide are magnetic? The answer is that both graphene and graphene oxide, can conduct enough electricity across the cell membranes to magnetise nearby superparamagnetic particles such as ferritin and magnetite to cause a widespread magnetisation of people receiving the vaccine. It's just as the iron core of an electromagnet becomes magnetised when an electric current is passed through the coil of wire wound around it.
This means that a transmembrane strand of graphene or graphene oxide (from the vaccine) could carry a huge electric current and be likely to magnetise any superparamagnetic materials such as ferritin or magnetite that may be close by.
This effect could spread like wildfire across the membrane as each magnetized particle magnetizes its neighbours and then to those of the next cell, so that the magnetic effect increases and
Ultimately, it could spread to all parts of the body via the bloodstream, starting with the blood cells themselves, including those white cells needed for our immune system, then the veins, then the heart, followed by the lungs and finally the brain. Wherever It goes, it could wreak havoc with cell permeability and have all sorts of biological effects, including heart failure, premature Alzeimer's disease and, when the mitochondria are affected, chronic fatigue.
Another effect is that membrane damage to our sensory cells could make them hyperactive and send false signals to the brain to give symptoms very similar to electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) resulting in headaches whenever we use a mobile phone, pins and needles when straying too close to a WiFi router dizziness and nausea, to name but a few.
Perhaps the most serious danger is if you have an MRI scan, when the extremely powerful magnet in the machine would try to pull these magnetised particles out of your body and, in the case of the brain or spinal cord scan, immediate and possibly permanent damage could result. When other parts of the body are scanned, the results may be less noticeable in the short term, but become apparent later as an unexplained "idiopathic" illness.
Dr Andrew Goldsworthy Lecturer and Biological Safety Officer (retired) Imperial College London"
@Not_On_The_Beeb
https://www.notonthebeeb.co.uk/post/imperial-college-london-dr-andrew-goldsworthy
"But how could this have happened since neither graphene or graphene oxide are magnetic? The answer is that both graphene and graphene oxide, can conduct enough electricity across the cell membranes to magnetise nearby superparamagnetic particles such as ferritin and magnetite to cause a widespread magnetisation of people receiving the vaccine. It's just as the iron core of an electromagnet becomes magnetised when an electric current is passed through the coil of wire wound around it.
This means that a transmembrane strand of graphene or graphene oxide (from the vaccine) could carry a huge electric current and be likely to magnetise any superparamagnetic materials such as ferritin or magnetite that may be close by.
This effect could spread like wildfire across the membrane as each magnetized particle magnetizes its neighbours and then to those of the next cell, so that the magnetic effect increases and
Ultimately, it could spread to all parts of the body via the bloodstream, starting with the blood cells themselves, including those white cells needed for our immune system, then the veins, then the heart, followed by the lungs and finally the brain. Wherever It goes, it could wreak havoc with cell permeability and have all sorts of biological effects, including heart failure, premature Alzeimer's disease and, when the mitochondria are affected, chronic fatigue.
Another effect is that membrane damage to our sensory cells could make them hyperactive and send false signals to the brain to give symptoms very similar to electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) resulting in headaches whenever we use a mobile phone, pins and needles when straying too close to a WiFi router dizziness and nausea, to name but a few.
Perhaps the most serious danger is if you have an MRI scan, when the extremely powerful magnet in the machine would try to pull these magnetised particles out of your body and, in the case of the brain or spinal cord scan, immediate and possibly permanent damage could result. When other parts of the body are scanned, the results may be less noticeable in the short term, but become apparent later as an unexplained "idiopathic" illness.
Dr Andrew Goldsworthy Lecturer and Biological Safety Officer (retired) Imperial College London"
@Not_On_The_Beeb
https://www.notonthebeeb.co.uk/post/imperial-college-london-dr-andrew-goldsworthy
Not On The Beeb
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON - DR ANDREW GOLDSWORTHY ON VACCINE INDUCED MAGNETISM
ENGLISH ITALIAN SPANISH HIGHLIGHT: "...Wherever It (the magnetism) goes, it could wreak havoc with cell permeability and have all sorts of biological effects, including heart failure, premature Alzeimer's disease and, when the mitochondria are affected…
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Popular German Newspaper Bild Offers Apology to Children about Telling Them to Stay Home or they Would Kill Grandma
Recent progress of graphene oxide as a potential vaccine carrier and adjuvant
Wanjun Cao et al. Acta Biomater. 2020 Aug.
"..there is an urgent need to develop new all-purpose adjuvants because some adjuvants approved for human use have limited functionality. Graphene oxide (GO), widely employed for the delivery of biomolecules, excels in loading and delivering antigen and shows the potentiality of activating the immune system. However, GO aggregates in biological liquid and induces cell death, and it also exhibits poor biosolubility and biocompatibility. To address these limitations, various surface modification protocols have been employed to integrate aqueous compatible substances with GO to effectively improve its biocompatibility. More importantly, these modifications render functionalized-GO with superior properties as both carriers and adjuvants. Herein, the recent progress of physicochemical properties and surface modification strategies of GO for its application as both carriers and adjuvants is reviewed."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32531395/
Wanjun Cao et al. Acta Biomater. 2020 Aug.
"..there is an urgent need to develop new all-purpose adjuvants because some adjuvants approved for human use have limited functionality. Graphene oxide (GO), widely employed for the delivery of biomolecules, excels in loading and delivering antigen and shows the potentiality of activating the immune system. However, GO aggregates in biological liquid and induces cell death, and it also exhibits poor biosolubility and biocompatibility. To address these limitations, various surface modification protocols have been employed to integrate aqueous compatible substances with GO to effectively improve its biocompatibility. More importantly, these modifications render functionalized-GO with superior properties as both carriers and adjuvants. Herein, the recent progress of physicochemical properties and surface modification strategies of GO for its application as both carriers and adjuvants is reviewed."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32531395/
PubMed
Recent progress of graphene oxide as a potential vaccine carrier and adjuvant - PubMed
Vaccine is one of the most effective strategies for preventing and controlling infectious diseases and some noninfectious diseases, especially cancers. Adjuvants and carriers have been appropriately added to the vaccine formulation to improve the immunogenicity…
Nano coronavirus recombinant vaccine taking graphene oxide as carrier
The invention belongs to the field of nano materials and biomedicine, and relates to a vaccine, in particular to development of 2019-nCoV coronavirus nuclear recombinant nano vaccine. The invention also comprises a preparation method of the vaccine and application of the vaccine in animal experiments. The new corona vaccine contains graphene oxide, carnosine, CpG and new corona virus RBD; binding carnosine, CpG and neocoronavirus RBD on the backbone of graphene oxide; the CpG coding sequence is shown as SEQ ID NO 1; the novel coronavirus RBD refers to a novel coronavirus protein receptor binding region which can generate a high-titer specific antibody aiming at the RBD in a mouse body, and provides a strong support for prevention and treatment of the novel coronavirus.
https://patents.google.com/patent/CN112220919A/en
The invention belongs to the field of nano materials and biomedicine, and relates to a vaccine, in particular to development of 2019-nCoV coronavirus nuclear recombinant nano vaccine. The invention also comprises a preparation method of the vaccine and application of the vaccine in animal experiments. The new corona vaccine contains graphene oxide, carnosine, CpG and new corona virus RBD; binding carnosine, CpG and neocoronavirus RBD on the backbone of graphene oxide; the CpG coding sequence is shown as SEQ ID NO 1; the novel coronavirus RBD refers to a novel coronavirus protein receptor binding region which can generate a high-titer specific antibody aiming at the RBD in a mouse body, and provides a strong support for prevention and treatment of the novel coronavirus.
https://patents.google.com/patent/CN112220919A/en
Google
CN112220919A - Nano coronavirus recombinant vaccine taking graphene oxide as carrier
- Google Patents
- Google Patents
The invention belongs to the field of nano materials and biomedicine, and relates to a vaccine, in particular to development of 2019-nCoV coronavirus nuclear recombinant nano vaccine. The invention also comprises a preparation method of the vaccine and application…
AUGUST 2020: Recent progress of graphene oxide as a potential vaccine carrier and adjuvant
"Our work describes the surface modification of graphene oxide and for the first time summarizes that functionalized graphene oxide serves as a vaccine carrier and shows significant adjuvant activity in activating cellular and humoral immunity.
In the future [OUR CURRENT PRESENT], 👉it is expected to be introduced into vaccine research👈 [VIOLATION OF NUREMBERG CODE RIGHT HERE] to improve the efficacy of vaccines."
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1742706120303305?via%3Dihub
"Our work describes the surface modification of graphene oxide and for the first time summarizes that functionalized graphene oxide serves as a vaccine carrier and shows significant adjuvant activity in activating cellular and humoral immunity.
In the future [OUR CURRENT PRESENT], 👉it is expected to be introduced into vaccine research👈 [VIOLATION OF NUREMBERG CODE RIGHT HERE] to improve the efficacy of vaccines."
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1742706120303305?via%3Dihub
OFFICIAL INTERIM REPORT IN ENGLISH (UNIVERSITY OF ALMERIA).pdf
1.2 MB
GRAPHENE OXIDE DETECTION IN AQUEOUS SUSPENSION
OBSERVATIONAL STUDY IN OPTICAL AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY - Prof. Dr. Pablo Campra Madrid
Doctor of Chemical Sciences and Bachelor of Biological Sciences
ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERIA
UNIVERSIDAD DE ALMERÍA, SPAIN
OBSERVATIONAL STUDY IN OPTICAL AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY - Prof. Dr. Pablo Campra Madrid
Doctor of Chemical Sciences and Bachelor of Biological Sciences
ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERIA
UNIVERSIDAD DE ALMERÍA, SPAIN
Toxicity of graphene-family nanoparticles: a general review of the origins and mechanisms
"several typical mechanisms underlying GFN toxicity have been revealed, for instance, physical destruction, oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammatory response, apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis."
https://particleandfibretoxicology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12989-016-0168-y
"several typical mechanisms underlying GFN toxicity have been revealed, for instance, physical destruction, oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammatory response, apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis."
https://particleandfibretoxicology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12989-016-0168-y
SpringerLink
Toxicity of graphene-family nanoparticles: a general review of the origins and mechanisms
Particle and Fibre Toxicology - Due to their unique physicochemical properties, graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs) are widely used in many fields, especially in biomedical applications....
Safety Assessment of Graphene-Based Materials: Focus on Human Health and the Environment
Collectively, these studies have shed light on the biodistribution and fate of some GBMs following various administration routes. Overall, there is evidence that various GBMs are able to cross physiological barriers, reaching secondary organs distant from the point of entry.
Several studies have been published on the biodistribution of GBMs following i.v. injection. Qu et al. studied i.v. injection of GO [GRAPHENE OXIDE] suspended in PBS or GO dispersed in 1% Tween 80-PBS and noted a higher accumulation in lungs for GO-PBS (lateral dimension: 300–1000 nm).(89) In contrast, accumulation in the liver was higher for GO-PBS-Tween 80 when compared to that for GO-PBS. Even though these conclusions were based only on the blackness of organs following treatment and observation of brown/black matter in histological sections, the results support the idea that better colloidal stability helps the GO sheets to pass through lung capillaries more easily. GO sheets functionalized with poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (lateral dimension: 300–700 nm, thickness: 1–4 nm) and labeled with the fluorescent Cy7 dye were used to assess biodistribution using whole-body live imaging.(90) When organs were harvested at 24 h, fluorescence was found only in the liver and bladder. Fourteen days after injection, there was obvious macroscopic presence of materials in the lungs, liver, and spleen, which all appeared black in comparison to corresponding organs from PBS-treated animals. Materials were still present in these organs after 180 days, as evidenced by black matter in histological sections. In a recent study, nonlabeled PEGylated rGO (lateral dimension: ∼1 μm, thickness: 4–9 nm, C/O ratio: 3.7) was evaluated for its biodistribution after i.v. injection using Raman spectroscopy.(87) Most materials were found in the liver and spleen at the earliest time point of 3 days, in agreement with other studies, but transiently increased in the brain at days 7 and 14 days before decreasing by day 21."
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.8b04758#
Collectively, these studies have shed light on the biodistribution and fate of some GBMs following various administration routes. Overall, there is evidence that various GBMs are able to cross physiological barriers, reaching secondary organs distant from the point of entry.
Several studies have been published on the biodistribution of GBMs following i.v. injection. Qu et al. studied i.v. injection of GO [GRAPHENE OXIDE] suspended in PBS or GO dispersed in 1% Tween 80-PBS and noted a higher accumulation in lungs for GO-PBS (lateral dimension: 300–1000 nm).(89) In contrast, accumulation in the liver was higher for GO-PBS-Tween 80 when compared to that for GO-PBS. Even though these conclusions were based only on the blackness of organs following treatment and observation of brown/black matter in histological sections, the results support the idea that better colloidal stability helps the GO sheets to pass through lung capillaries more easily. GO sheets functionalized with poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (lateral dimension: 300–700 nm, thickness: 1–4 nm) and labeled with the fluorescent Cy7 dye were used to assess biodistribution using whole-body live imaging.(90) When organs were harvested at 24 h, fluorescence was found only in the liver and bladder. Fourteen days after injection, there was obvious macroscopic presence of materials in the lungs, liver, and spleen, which all appeared black in comparison to corresponding organs from PBS-treated animals. Materials were still present in these organs after 180 days, as evidenced by black matter in histological sections. In a recent study, nonlabeled PEGylated rGO (lateral dimension: ∼1 μm, thickness: 4–9 nm, C/O ratio: 3.7) was evaluated for its biodistribution after i.v. injection using Raman spectroscopy.(87) Most materials were found in the liver and spleen at the earliest time point of 3 days, in agreement with other studies, but transiently increased in the brain at days 7 and 14 days before decreasing by day 21."
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.8b04758#
ACS Publications
Safety Assessment of Graphene-Based Materials: Focus on Human Health and the Environment
Graphene and its derivatives are heralded as “miracle” materials with manifold applications in different sectors of society from electronics to energy storage to medicine. The increasing exploitation of graphene-based materials (GBMs) necessitates a comprehensive…
Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Graphene-Based Materials
"Pregnant women, fetuses, and neonates are among the most vulnerable populations and therefore warrant particular attention in regard to GBM hazard assessment. In pregnancy, major physiological changes occur that are expected to affect particokinetics and subsequent biological effects. Likewise, developing fetuses and neonates are more susceptible to toxic effects of xenobiotics than adults due to ongoing organogenesis, physiological changes, or immaturity of the immune system. To date, it is unknown whether GBMs can reach the placental barrier or reproductive organs.
First indications that nanoparticles may interfere with pregnancy and fetal health came from epidemiological studies showing that maternal exposure to air pollution (in particular, to particulate matter <2.5 μm) during pregnancy was associated with adverse birth outcomes such as low birth weight and preterm birth (reviewed in ref (199)). As a consequence, research on the placental transfer of nanoparticles and the impact on reproductive and developmental systems was intensified
...when small rGO [GRAPHENE OXIDE] was injected in late gestation, this resulted in abortions, malformed fetuses, and death of pregnant mice.
Thus, based on these observations, the toxicity of rGO should be seriously considered in progestational (drawing near pregnancy) females, although the rGO-exposed mice could still produce healthy offspring depending on the administered dose.(203) Developmental toxicity of GBMs has also been described in other species including zebrafish and chicken,(204,205) but because these models lack a mammalian maternal–placental–embryonic/fetal relationship, their predictive value for human developmental and reproductive toxicity assessment is limited.
These observations underscore the need for further studies on the long-term consequences of GBMs on placenta functionality and maternal–fetal health. It is pertinent to note that rGO has been suggested to induce a transitory decrease in the tightness of the blood–brain barrier in rats; rGO was systemically injected in the latter study, and the relatively large size (average size: 342 nm) of the material was apparently not an obstacle for its entry into the brain.(213) Overall, a better understanding of potential interferences of GBMs with placental, reproductive, and developmental functions will be imperative for the sustainable and safe use of GBMs, not least as reproductive and developmental toxicity has been reported for other carbon-based nanomaterials.(209,214) For studies on placental translocation and effects of GBMs, human models (e.g., ex vivo placenta perfusion, placental explant cultures, or placental microtissues) are available to complement in vivo studies and to avoid uncertainties in the extrapolation of results due to species-specific differences in placental structure and function.(215)
Finally, in addition to direct effects of GBMs on reproductive and developmental systems, the indirect consequences of GBMs on maternal and placental tissues and the release of mediators deserves attention as the creation of a hostile environment in the womb may increase the risk for pregnancy complications and the development of diseases later in life."
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.8b04758#
"Pregnant women, fetuses, and neonates are among the most vulnerable populations and therefore warrant particular attention in regard to GBM hazard assessment. In pregnancy, major physiological changes occur that are expected to affect particokinetics and subsequent biological effects. Likewise, developing fetuses and neonates are more susceptible to toxic effects of xenobiotics than adults due to ongoing organogenesis, physiological changes, or immaturity of the immune system. To date, it is unknown whether GBMs can reach the placental barrier or reproductive organs.
First indications that nanoparticles may interfere with pregnancy and fetal health came from epidemiological studies showing that maternal exposure to air pollution (in particular, to particulate matter <2.5 μm) during pregnancy was associated with adverse birth outcomes such as low birth weight and preterm birth (reviewed in ref (199)). As a consequence, research on the placental transfer of nanoparticles and the impact on reproductive and developmental systems was intensified
...when small rGO [GRAPHENE OXIDE] was injected in late gestation, this resulted in abortions, malformed fetuses, and death of pregnant mice.
Thus, based on these observations, the toxicity of rGO should be seriously considered in progestational (drawing near pregnancy) females, although the rGO-exposed mice could still produce healthy offspring depending on the administered dose.(203) Developmental toxicity of GBMs has also been described in other species including zebrafish and chicken,(204,205) but because these models lack a mammalian maternal–placental–embryonic/fetal relationship, their predictive value for human developmental and reproductive toxicity assessment is limited.
These observations underscore the need for further studies on the long-term consequences of GBMs on placenta functionality and maternal–fetal health. It is pertinent to note that rGO has been suggested to induce a transitory decrease in the tightness of the blood–brain barrier in rats; rGO was systemically injected in the latter study, and the relatively large size (average size: 342 nm) of the material was apparently not an obstacle for its entry into the brain.(213) Overall, a better understanding of potential interferences of GBMs with placental, reproductive, and developmental functions will be imperative for the sustainable and safe use of GBMs, not least as reproductive and developmental toxicity has been reported for other carbon-based nanomaterials.(209,214) For studies on placental translocation and effects of GBMs, human models (e.g., ex vivo placenta perfusion, placental explant cultures, or placental microtissues) are available to complement in vivo studies and to avoid uncertainties in the extrapolation of results due to species-specific differences in placental structure and function.(215)
Finally, in addition to direct effects of GBMs on reproductive and developmental systems, the indirect consequences of GBMs on maternal and placental tissues and the release of mediators deserves attention as the creation of a hostile environment in the womb may increase the risk for pregnancy complications and the development of diseases later in life."
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.8b04758#
ACS Publications
Safety Assessment of Graphene-Based Materials: Focus on Human Health and the Environment
Graphene and its derivatives are heralded as “miracle” materials with manifold applications in different sectors of society from electronics to energy storage to medicine. The increasing exploitation of graphene-based materials (GBMs) necessitates a comprehensive…