🗓️ Python Interview Series - Part 1

🎯 Topics Covered: Variables, Data Types, Operators

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: Welcome! Ready to begin?

👨‍💻 Candidate: Yes, absolutely.

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: What is a variable in Python?

👨‍💻 Candidate: A variable in Python is a name that refers to a value stored in memory. Unlike other languages, you don’t need to declare its type — Python infers it automatically.

Example:

x = 10
name = "Deepak"

Here, x is an integer and name is a string. Python variables are references to objects, not containers that hold data directly.

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: How does Python manage variable memory?

👨‍💻 Candidate: When you assign a value to a variable, Python creates an object in memory and binds the variable name to it. If you assign the same value to another variable, both can point to the same memory location (for immutable types).

Example:

a = 100
b = a
print(id(a), id(b))  # same id → both refer to same object

Mutable objects like lists behave differently — if modified, their memory doesn’t change.

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: What are Python’s built-in data types?

👨‍💻 Candidate: Python has several standard data types:
Numeric → int, float, complex
Sequence → str, list, tuple
Mapping → dict
Set → set, frozenset
Boolean → bool
Binary → bytes, bytearray, memoryview

Example:

num = 10
pi = 3.14
name = "Python"
is_valid = True

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: What’s the difference between mutable and immutable data types?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
Mutable → Can be changed after creation (list, dict, set)
Immutable → Cannot be changed after creation (int, float, str, tuple)

Example:

x = [1, 2, 3]
x.append(4)  # modifies list

y = "hello"
y.upper()    # creates new string, doesn't modify original

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: What is type casting or type conversion in Python?

👨‍💻 Candidate: It’s the process of converting one data type into another.

Implicit → Python converts automatically

x = 5
y = 2.0
print(x + y)  # 7.0

Explicit → You convert manually

int("10"), float("5.5"), str(25)

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: What are operators in Python?

👨‍💻 Candidate: Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values.

Types include:

Arithmetic → +, -, *, /, %, //, **
Comparison → ==,!=,>, <,>=, <=
Logical → and, or, not
Assignment → =, +=, -=
Membership → in, not in
Identity → is, is not
Bitwise → &, |, ^, ~, <<,>>

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: Difference between is and == operators?

👨‍💻 Candidate: == compares values, is compares memory location.

Example:

a = [1, 2]
b = [1, 2]
print(a == b)  # True
print(a is b)  # False

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: Difference between / and // operators?

👨‍💻 Candidate: / → true division (float), // → floor division (int)

Example:

print(7 / 2)   # 3.5
print(7 // 2)  # 3

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: How does Python handle dynamic typing?

👨‍💻 Candidate: Python uses dynamic typing — variable types are determined at runtime and can change.

Example:

x = 10       # int
x = "Hello"  # now str

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: Use of type() and id() functions?

👨‍💻 Candidate: type() → returns data type, id() → returns memory address

Example:

x = 5
print(type(x))  # <class 'int'>
print(id(x))    # unique memory id

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🗓️ Python Interview Series - Part 2

🎯 Topics: Conditional Statements & Loops

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: What are conditional statements in Python?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
Conditional statements allow us to execute specific blocks of code based on certain conditions.
Python uses if, elif, and else to control decision-making.

Example:

age = 18
if age < 18:
    print("Minor")
elif age == 18:
    print("Just eligible")
else:
    print("Adult")

✅ Only one block executes depending on the condition that evaluates to True.

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: Can you explain the difference between if and elif?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
if starts the conditional chain.
elif (short for else if) allows checking multiple conditions sequentially.
If none are True, the else block runs.

Example:

x = 0
if x> 0:
    print("Positive")
elif x == 0:
    print("Zero")
else:
    print("Negative")

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: Is there a way to write a single-line if statement in Python?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
Yes, we can use the ternary (conditional) expression.

Example:

result = "Even" if num % 2 == 0 else "Odd"

This makes the code concise for simple conditions.

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: What are loops in Python?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
Loops allow repeating a block of code multiple times.
Python supports two main loops:
- for loop – used to iterate over a sequence (like list, tuple, dict, string).
- while loop – runs as long as a condition is True.

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: Can you explain how a for loop works in Python?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
A for loop iterates over any iterable object (like a list or string).

Example:

for i in [1, 2, 3]:
    print(i)

Here, Python automatically fetches each item from the list one by one — no index or counter is required (unlike C or Java).

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: How does the range() function work in loops?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
range() generates a sequence of numbers and is often used for looping a fixed number of times.
Syntax: range(start, stop, step)

Example:

for i in range(1, 6, 2):
    print(i)  # 1, 3, 5

Default values → start=0, step=1.
It doesn’t create a list; it returns a range object (saves memory).

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: What’s the difference between for and while loops?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
- for loop: Used when we know how many times to iterate.
- while loop: Used when we don’t know the number of iterations — runs until the condition becomes false.

Example:

# for loop
for i in range(5):
    print(i)

# while loop
i = 0
while i < 5:
    print(i)
    i += 1

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: What is the difference between break, continue, and pass statements?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
They control the loop flow:

Statement – Function
break – Exits the loop immediately
continue – Skips the current iteration and moves to the next
pass – Does nothing (placeholder for future code)

Example:

for i in range(5):
    if i == 2:
        continue  # skips 2
    if i == 4:
        break     # stops loop
    print(i)

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: What is a nested loop? Give an example.

👨‍💻 Candidate:
A nested loop means having a loop inside another loop.
Used for matrix traversal or pattern printing.

Example:

for i in range(3):
    for j in range(2):
        print(i, j)

It executes the inner loop completely for each iteration of the outer loop.

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: Can you use an else clause with loops?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
Yes. In Python, a loop can have an else clause that runs only if the loop completes normally (not terminated by break).

Example:

for i in range(3):
    print(i)
else:
    print("Loop finished")

If break is used, the else block is skipped.

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: How do we iterate through a dictionary?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
We can loop through its keys, values, or both:

data = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
for key, value in data.items():
    print(key, value)

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