🗓️ Python Interview Series - Part 2

🎯 Topics: Conditional Statements & Loops

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: What are conditional statements in Python?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
Conditional statements allow us to execute specific blocks of code based on certain conditions.
Python uses if, elif, and else to control decision-making.

Example:

age = 18
if age < 18:
    print("Minor")
elif age == 18:
    print("Just eligible")
else:
    print("Adult")

✅ Only one block executes depending on the condition that evaluates to True.

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: Can you explain the difference between if and elif?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
if starts the conditional chain.
elif (short for else if) allows checking multiple conditions sequentially.
If none are True, the else block runs.

Example:

x = 0
if x> 0:
    print("Positive")
elif x == 0:
    print("Zero")
else:
    print("Negative")

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: Is there a way to write a single-line if statement in Python?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
Yes, we can use the ternary (conditional) expression.

Example:

result = "Even" if num % 2 == 0 else "Odd"

This makes the code concise for simple conditions.

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: What are loops in Python?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
Loops allow repeating a block of code multiple times.
Python supports two main loops:
- for loop – used to iterate over a sequence (like list, tuple, dict, string).
- while loop – runs as long as a condition is True.

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: Can you explain how a for loop works in Python?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
A for loop iterates over any iterable object (like a list or string).

Example:

for i in [1, 2, 3]:
    print(i)

Here, Python automatically fetches each item from the list one by one — no index or counter is required (unlike C or Java).

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: How does the range() function work in loops?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
range() generates a sequence of numbers and is often used for looping a fixed number of times.
Syntax: range(start, stop, step)

Example:

for i in range(1, 6, 2):
    print(i)  # 1, 3, 5

Default values → start=0, step=1.
It doesn’t create a list; it returns a range object (saves memory).

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: What’s the difference between for and while loops?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
- for loop: Used when we know how many times to iterate.
- while loop: Used when we don’t know the number of iterations — runs until the condition becomes false.

Example:

# for loop
for i in range(5):
    print(i)

# while loop
i = 0
while i < 5:
    print(i)
    i += 1

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: What is the difference between break, continue, and pass statements?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
They control the loop flow:

Statement – Function
break – Exits the loop immediately
continue – Skips the current iteration and moves to the next
pass – Does nothing (placeholder for future code)

Example:

for i in range(5):
    if i == 2:
        continue  # skips 2
    if i == 4:
        break     # stops loop
    print(i)

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: What is a nested loop? Give an example.

👨‍💻 Candidate:
A nested loop means having a loop inside another loop.
Used for matrix traversal or pattern printing.

Example:

for i in range(3):
    for j in range(2):
        print(i, j)

It executes the inner loop completely for each iteration of the outer loop.

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: Can you use an else clause with loops?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
Yes. In Python, a loop can have an else clause that runs only if the loop completes normally (not terminated by break).

Example:

for i in range(3):
    print(i)
else:
    print("Loop finished")

If break is used, the else block is skipped.

🧑‍💼 Interviewer: How do we iterate through a dictionary?

👨‍💻 Candidate:
We can loop through its keys, values, or both:

data = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
for key, value in data.items():
    print(key, value)

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🔁 Top 10 Python Tuple Operations You Must Know 📦🐍

tup = (1, 2, 3, 4, 2)

1. len() – Get length of tuple
› len(tup) → 5

2. count() – Count occurrences of a value
› tup.count(2) → 2

3. index() – Find index of a value
› tup.index(3) → 2

4. in keyword – Check existence
› 2 in tup → True

5. for loop – Iterate through elements
› for i in tup: print(i)

6. slicing – Access sub-parts
› tup[1:4] → (2, 3, 4)

7. + operator – Concatenate tuples
› tup + (5, 6) → (1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 5, 6)

8. * operator – Repeat tuple
› tup * 2 → (1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 2)

9. tuple() – Convert iterable to tuple
› tuple([7, 8]) → (7, 8)

10. min() / max() – Get smallest/largest item
› min(tup) → 1
› max(tup) → 4

💡 Bonus: Tuples are immutable – they can’t be changed after creation.

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