🛡 Kubernetes Networking ~ 🚧

Kubernetes networking is a critical aspect of managing containerized applications in a distributed environment. It ensures that containers within a Kubernetes cluster can communicate with each other, with external users, and with other services smoothly.

Let's explore the key concepts and components of Kubernetes networking:

🔴 Pod Networking:
- Pods share the same network namespace and can communicate via localhost.
- Kubernetes assigns each Pod a unique IP address for inter-node communication.
🔴 Service Networking:
- Services provide stable endpoints for accessing Pods.
- ClusterIP, NodePort, and LoadBalancer are common Service types for internal and external access.
🔴 Ingress Networking:
- Ingress manages external access to Services based on HTTP/HTTPS rules.
- Ingress controllers handle traffic routing to Services within the cluster.
🔴 Network Policies:
- This defines rules for Pod-to-Pod communication and access to external resources.
- It enables fine-grained control over network traffic within the cluster.
🔴 Container Network Interface (CNI):
- A standard for defining plugins that handle networking in container runtimes.
- Used by Kubernetes to manage network interfaces and IP addresses.
🔴 Networking Plugins:
- Kube-Proxy manages network rules for routing traffic to Services.
- CoreDNS resolves DNS queries for Kubernetes Services and Pods.

Understanding Kubernetes networking is essential for deploying and managing containerized applications effectively within a Kubernetes cluster

😎 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @prodevopsguy 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs

🖥 DevOps Engineer Interview Questions at Stripe ❓


⚡️ Round 1 - Infrastructure & Reliability at Scale
1. Stripe runs payments across multiple regions with active-active architecture.
How would you ensure transaction consistency and prevent drift during partial regional failovers?
2. Your team reports slow API response times, but CPU, memory, and request volume look stable. What non-obvious infra metrics do you check before suspecting the app layer?
3. You’re asked to migrate a Terraform backend from S3 to GCS without breaking concurrent CI pipelines. How do you plan for state locking, parallel applies, and drift protection during migration?
4. A new container image passed CI but failed readiness probes in production.
No logs, no crashloops - just hangs. How would you debug this, step by step?
5. Describe your zero-downtime strategy for rolling out config changes to Nginx ingress across 500+ services, when 20% of traffic is long-lived HTTP connections.

⚡️ Round 2 - Incident Simulation & RCA
1. Payments API latency spikes by 600ms only in one region.
No new deploys. DNS propagation, load balancers, and instances are all healthy. Where do you start your RCA?
2. You rolled out a new sidecar container for caching, and suddenly, Redis connection resets appear intermittently. What’s your hypothesis, and how do you prove or disprove it?
3. One of your CI runners keeps deleting the /tmp directory during builds, breaking workflows. Walk through your isolation, tracing, and mitigation steps.
4. During an SRE review, your system passes SLO targets but still experiences user complaints. What hidden reliability gaps could explain this discrepancy?

⚡️ Round 3 - Reliability Leadership & Culture
1. How would you build a postmortem process that improves velocity without creating fear?
2. You’re asked to roll out service-level chaos testing across payments infra.
How do you choose test boundaries without risking actual transactions?
3. What does “reliability” mean when the cost of one incident equals $5M in transactions?


4️⃣ 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐆𝐢𝐭𝐇𝐮𝐛 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 : https://github.com/NotHarshhaa

📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @prodevopsguy 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs

🎆🎆 Happy Diwali, Techies! 💻✨

As we light up our homes with diyas and lanterns, let’s also light up our minds with new ideas, innovations, and deployments that actually work on the first try! 😄

💡 This Diwali, may your code be bug-free, your servers stay stable, your CI/CD pipelines flow smooth, and your logs show nothing but success messages!

Keep scaling, keep learning, and keep automating 🚀

🎆 Team ProDevOpsGuy wishes you a bright, secure, and high-availability Diwali! 🎆


📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐆𝐢𝐭𝐇𝐮𝐛 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 : https://github.com/NotHarshhaa

📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @prodevopsguy 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs

✨ Ultimate Docs Portal - New Feature Update: Favorites

- Introduced a Favorites feature that lets users easily save and manage their preferred documents.
- Users can now view and organize their saved favorites in one place.
- Recently added favorites are highlighted for quick access.
- Improved overall user experience with smoother navigation and a more polished interface.

💡 This is your shortcut to top-quality DevOps & Cloud learning — no more hunting across the internet.

🖥 Join now and unlock lifetime access:
🔗 Create your account now: https://docs-admin.prodevopsguytech.com/create-account
🌐 Explore the portal and Login here: https://docs.prodevopsguytech.com


📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐆𝐢𝐭𝐇𝐮𝐛 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 : https://github.com/NotHarshhaa

📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @prodevopsguy 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs

⚠️ AWS Outage Impacts Amazon, Snapchat, Prime Video, Canva and More – Update ⚠️

🔹AWS (US-EAST-1) Outage explained in plain English

1. Started with a DNS issue that stopped AWS services from talking to each other.
2. This caused DynamoDB to fail, which many AWS services depend on.
3. EC2 instances & Lambda functions began failing as the problem spread.
4. AWS resolved the DNS issue, but some services are still recovering.

If you are a DevOps or Cloud Engineer, this is a great use case to understand.

A small DNS glitch can bring half the internet down.


📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐆𝐢𝐭𝐇𝐮𝐛 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 : https://github.com/NotHarshhaa

📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @prodevopsguy 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs

🚨 AWS Outage – What Actually Happened (Explained More Deeply) 🚨

Yesterday, AWS US-EAST-1 - one of the most critical regions globally - faced a disruption that impacted thousands of applications.

The issue began with DynamoDB, which started showing high error rates. What many don’t realize is that DynamoDB isn’t just a database service for customers - it’s used internally by AWS itself to store metadata, state, and configuration for dozens of AWS services.

When DNS resolution to DynamoDB failed, dependent services couldn’t locate its API endpoints. That triggered a cascading failure where over 36 AWS services were affected at once.

Think of it like losing the “directory” that tells every service where DynamoDB lives - suddenly nothing knows how to talk to it.

This created a retry storm ~>more DNS failures ~> more retries ~> feedback loop

✅ How AWS recovered
They didn’t wait for a single fix — they ran multiple recovery strategies in parallel:
• Stabilized DNS resolution for DynamoDB
• Rerouted internal DNS paths
• Brought up alternative resolver paths + caching
• Gradually restored service dependencies

This incident is a strong reminder that in cloud-scale systems, a single service dependency can ripple into a multi-service disruption in minutes.

In DevOps/SRE:
⚠️ “No system fails alone — dependencies fail together.”

📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐆𝐢𝐭𝐇𝐮𝐛 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 : https://github.com/NotHarshhaa

📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @prodevopsguy 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs

🚀 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐓𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟒 𝐃𝐚𝐲𝐬! 🚀

Are you looking to get hands-on with Terraform and Infrastructure as Code (IaC)? We created a 14-day learning plan covering everything from the basics to advanced concepts.

Each day, we shared a deep dive into a new Terraform topic, packed with practical examples, best practices, and troubleshooting tips.

Now, We compiling all 14 articles into one place to help you on your Terraform journey!

🖥 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐁𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬:(in order)
1. Introduction to Terraform - https://lnkd.in/guZkiFBP
2. Basics of Terraform - https://lnkd.in/gppbq8ed
3. Variables and Outputs - https://lnkd.in/gJXb2u3D
4. Terraform State Management - https://lnkd.in/gDepmUdD
5. Terraform Module - https://lnkd.in/gSZMZ-7F
6. Provisioners and Meta-Arguments - https://lnkd.in/g5zFxTb3
7. Mini Project - https://lnkd.in/gtET_p5v
8. Terraform Cloud and Workspaces - https://lnkd.in/gdBdB_vP
9. Terraform with CI/CD - https://lnkd.in/giZgf8QF
10. Handling Secrets and Security in Terraform - https://lnkd.in/gywgK-h3
11. Debugging and Troubleshooting Terraform - https://lnkd.in/gWX-3QTw
12. Terraform Best Practices - https://lnkd.in/g7iDVnfP
13. Terraform With Kubernetes - https://lnkd.in/gEziumJK
14. Terraform Enterprise, Sentinel, Custom Providers - https://lnkd.in/g_FNYS9c

🔖 𝐒𝐚𝐯𝐞 & 𝐒𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐞 this post if you're learning Terraform!


📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐆𝐢𝐭𝐇𝐮𝐛 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 : https://github.com/NotHarshhaa

📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @devopsclassroom 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs

🚨 DevOps/Cloud Advanced Production Issues 🚨


➡️ Why is CPU or memory usage suddenly high on pods or EC2 instances?
Reason: Memory leaks, unoptimized code, or infinite loops.

➡️ Why is disk usage reaching 100% suddenly?
Reason: Old logs, temp data, or backups filling /var/log.

➡️ Why are Kubernetes pods in CrashLoopBackOff state?
Reason: Failed readiness/liveness probes or bad configuration.

➡️ Why is my pod getting OOMKilled repeatedly?
Reason: Container exceeds memory limit.

➡️ Why is my Jenkins pipeline failing at random stages?
Reason: Environment inconsistency or missing dependencies.

➡️ Why is Terraform showing state lock or drift detected?
Reason: Multiple users modifying infra or manual AWS console changes.

➡️ Why did my EC2 instance crash during traffic spike?
Reason: No autoscaling or CPU credit exhaustion.

➡️ Why is the application not connecting to the database?
Reason: Wrong credentials, security group, or parameter group issues.

➡️ Why is API latency increasing after each deployment?
Reason: Unoptimized queries or cold starts (Lambda).

➡️ Why is the Docker image size too large?
Reason: Unnecessary layers or base image bloat.

➡️ Why is CloudWatch not showing logs from ECS tasks?
Reason: Wrong IAM role or log driver misconfiguration.

➡️ Why are Lambda functions timing out randomly?
Reason: Cold starts or external service latency.

➡️ Why is the S3 bucket filling too fast?
Reason: No lifecycle policy or backup scripts flooding data.

➡️ Why is Route 53 not routing traffic properly?
Reason: TTL propagation or wrong health check configuration.

➡️ Why is Jenkins build taking too long to complete?
Reason: Inefficient builds, large dependencies, or lack of caching.

➡️ Why did my Kubernetes node go into NotReady state?
Reason: Network issue, kubelet crash, or resource exhaustion.

➡️ Why is EKS failing to pull Docker images?
Reason: Wrong ECR permissions or missing imagePullSecrets.

➡️ Why are CloudFormation stacks stuck in UPDATE_ROLLBACK_FAILED?
Reason: Resource dependencies or failed deletes.

➡️ Why is the load balancer showing unhealthy targets?
Reason: Wrong health check path or app not responding on target port.

➡️ Why is my container restarting frequently?
Reason: App crash or resource limits exceeded.

➡️ Why are Prometheus alerts firing repeatedly?
Reason: Incorrect threshold or noisy rules.

➡️ Why is the CI/CD pipeline not deploying to production automatically?
Reason: Approval gates or permission issues.

➡️ Why is SSL/TLS certificate expired or invalid?
Reason: Missed renewal automation.

➡️ Why are CloudWatch alarms not triggering even when metrics exceed threshold?
Reason: Wrong metric namespace or missing data points.

➡️ Why is my infrastructure cost increasing unexpectedly?
Reason: Idle EC2/RDS, orphaned EBS, or unused load balancers.


📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐆𝐢𝐭𝐇𝐮𝐛 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 : https://github.com/NotHarshhaa

📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @devopsclassroom 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs

👋 You said you know Kubernetes?

Cool. Let’s find out.

Because the moment you drop “Kubernetes” in a DevOps interview…
You’ve just invited a deep dive from hell.

Not “what’s a Pod?”
Not “what’s the difference between a ReplicaSet and a Deployment?”

I’m talking about the kind of questions I ask as a Principal DevOps Engineer - to see if you’ve actually run clusters in production, not just deployed NGINX on kind once.

Here are 15 real-world Kubernetes questions that separate K8s admins/operators from K8s experts wannabes. 👇


⚔️ 𝗗𝗲𝗲𝗽 𝗗𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝗯𝘂𝗴𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗴
1 - Pod stuck in CrashLoopBackOff, no logs, no errors.
→ How do you debug beyond kubectl logs and describe?
2 - A StatefulSet pod won’t reattach its PVC after a node crash.
→ How do you recover without recreating storage?
3 - Pods are Pending, Cluster Autoscaler won’t scale up.
→ Walk me through your top 3 debugging steps.
4 - NetworkPolicy blocks cross-namespace traffic.
→ How do you design least-privilege rules and test them safely?
5 - Service must connect to an external DB via VPN inside the cluster.
→ How do you architect it for HA + security?


🧱 𝗦𝗲𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆 + 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲
6 - Running a multi-tenant EKS cluster.
→ How do you isolate workloads with RBAC, quotas, and network segmentation?
7 - Kubelet keeps restarting on one node.
→ Where do you look first – systemd, container runtime, or cgroups?
8 - Critical pod got evicted due to node pressure.
→ Explain QoS classes and eviction policies.
9 - A rolling update caused downtime.
→ What went wrong in your readiness/startup probe or deployment config?
10 - Ingress Controller fails under load.
→ How do you debug and scale routing efficiently?


⚙️ 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 + 𝗥𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆
11 - Istio sidecar consumes more CPU than your app.
→ How do you profile and optimise mesh performance?
12 - etcd is slowing down control plane ops.
→ Root causes + how do you tune it safely?
13 - You must enforce images from a trusted internal registry only.
→ Gatekeeper, Kyverno, or custom Admission Webhook – what’s your move?
14 - Pods stuck in ContainerCreating forever.
→ CNI attach delay? OverlayFS corruption? Walk me through your root-cause process.
15 - Random DNS failures in Pods.
→ How do you debug CoreDNS, kube-proxy, and conntrack interactions?

If you can answer these confidently…
You don’t just use Kubernetes - you operate, secure, and scale it.

Let’s raise the bar for DevOps engineers.


📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐆𝐢𝐭𝐇𝐮𝐛 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 : https://github.com/NotHarshhaa

📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @devopsclassroom 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs

🔶 Docker 🐬 Scenario-Based Interview Questions ❓


1. You are running a containerized application that crashes intermittently without logging anything useful. How do you debug this behavior?
2. Your CI/CD pipeline pushes a new Docker image that fails only in production, not in staging. How would you isolate and resolve the discrepancy?
3. Your Docker image builds are inconsistent across developers’ machines. How would you ensure repeatable builds?
4. How would you securely inject secrets into a container without hardcoding them in Dockerfile or exposing them in environment variables?
5. A container using a volume is not syncing changes back to the host machine. How do you diagnose and resolve this?
6. You need to migrate your local Docker-based app to Kubernetes. What Docker-specific configurations might cause issues during the migration?
7. Your container uses a large base image and takes a long time to download in remote environments. What strategies can you apply to improve this?
8. You notice a container has exited with an OOMKilled (Out Of Memory) status. How do you investigate and prevent this?
9. How would you monitor file system usage and inode exhaustion in a running container?
10. Your team needs to run GPU-based containers on a shared host. How do you design a secure and performant setup?
11. You want to roll back to a previous container version but don't have the previous Dockerfile. How do you retrieve and use the old image?
12. You need to isolate a set of containers with custom firewall rules. How do you implement this using Docker’s networking capabilities?
13. A container exposes multiple ports, but some are not accessible externally. How do you verify and expose the correct ports?
14. How do you configure Docker for a multi-architecture build (e.g., building for x86 and ARM simultaneously)?
15. Your Dockerfile uses ADD to fetch remote URLs, but the builds fail due to SSL errors in CI. How do you debug and solve this?
16. You notice layers in your Docker image are not being cached during builds. What could be causing this?
17. You are required to enforce immutability for Docker containers in production. How would you approach this?
18. How would you implement a security scanning workflow integrated with your CI/CD process for Docker containers?
19. What would you do if Docker container logs are rotated too frequently and important logs are being lost?
20. You suspect your container image has been tampered with. How do you validate its authenticity?
21. How do you enforce policy controls such as image whitelisting in a Docker deployment?
22. A base image you use has been deprecated. How do you manage and migrate all dependent services with minimal downtime?


👍👍👍👍 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @prodevopsguy 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs

🚨 Real-World AWS Interview Questions You Need to Know in 2025 🚨


🔥 Ace your next cloud interview with these must-know questions covering multi-account setup, migrations, security, scalability & more!

➡️ Identity & Access Management
1. How would you use AWS Control Tower for secure multi-account setup?
2. How do you manage permission boundaries in AWS SSO?
3. How do you enable MFA in AWS Cognito?
4. How do you secure/manage identities in Cognito?
5. How do you implement RBAC in AWS?
6. How do you enforce MFA for IAM users?
7. How do you design IAM policies with least privilege?

➡️ Networking & DNS
8. How would you configure Route 53 for global HA?
9. How do you implement weighted routing across regions?
10. What’s the process to map a custom domain to an S3 static site?

➡️ Security & WAF
11. How do you use AWS WAF to block bot attacks?
12. How do you configure AWS Shield for DDoS protection?
13. How to create custom WAF rules for specific threats?

➡️ Storage & Backup
14. How to securely store files in S3?
15. How to restrict public access but allow uploads?
16. How to enable automatic backup & versioning?

➡️ Email with AWS SES
17. How to configure SES for transactional emails?
18. How to improve deliverability & avoid spam?
19. How to set up SPF, DKIM & DMARC?

➡️ Compute & Scaling
20. How do you configure EC2 Auto Scaling for traffic spikes?
21. How to secure EC2 instances from unauthorized access?
22. What are EC2 cost optimization techniques?

➡️ Database & Migration
23. How do you migrate SQL Server with minimal downtime?
24. How to implement automated RDS backups?
25. How to configure RDS for high availability?

➡️ Infrastructure as Code
26. How would you structure Terraform for AWS infra?
27. What’s your preferred on-prem to AWS migration strategy?

➡️ Monitoring & Auditing
28. How do you use CloudWatch alarms for CPU usage?
29. How to analyze app performance with CloudWatch + X-Ray?
30. How to audit API activity with CloudTrail?

➡️ Load Balancing
31. Which ELB type supports both HTTP & TCP traffic?
32. How to set up ALB with Auto Scaling for traffic spikes?
33. How to protect ALB from DDoS & authenticate users?

✅ Save this list. Practice daily. Dominate your AWS interviews in 2025.


📱 Follow me on GitHub for more DevOps/Cloud Free Resources:
➡️ https://github.com/NotHarshhaa

📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @prodevopsguy 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs

🖥 25 Blogs to Learn 25 Kubernetes Concepts:

1) Kubernetes Architecture: https://lnkd.in/gmRDrusm
2) POD Lifecycle: https://lnkd.in/g9cbpma4
3) etcd Setup: https://lnkd.in/gFzjeCXu
4) etcd Locks: https://lnkd.in/gYbtKsK2
5) crashloopbackoff: https://lnkd.in/gyKyBRt2
6) OOMKilled: https://lnkd.in/gznwimNr
7) ImagePullBackOff: https://lnkd.in/gzCTSWRG
8) CreateContainerConfigError: https://lnkd.in/g6Z5TdBt
9) CreateContainerError: https://lnkd.in/gG_2nHb7
10) RunContainerError: https://lnkd.in/ggQcqi5t
11) Node Disk Pressure: https://lnkd.in/gu9eFiRw
12) Node Not Ready: https://lnkd.in/gksPqZYF
13) Pod Disruption Budget: https://lnkd.in/gNZNxewk
14) RBAC: https://lnkd.in/g2Pr_aA5
15) DNS Optimization: https://lnkd.in/gmNkjZeV
16) Kubernetes Controller: https://lnkd.in/gZ6pkzMt
17) pod.yaml Breakdown: https://lnkd.in/g7yhk_tS
18) Kubernetes Upgrades: https://lnkd.in/g3nwTgwA
19) KEDA vs Karpenter: https://lnkd.in/gED3Vypc
20) Operator vs Helm: https://lnkd.in/gSeg56ME
21) Kubernetes Air Gap: https://lnkd.in/gxxqWdEE
22) QoS Classes: https://lnkd.in/gr_QU8BN
23) Kubernetes CI/CD: https://lnkd.in/gpk_Et74
24) Deployment Strategies: https://lnkd.in/gdU_8A38
25) Security Contexts: https://lnkd.in/gNQizuFy


📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @prodevopsguy 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs

🔄 90% of DevOps engineers will fail to answer these AWS Interview Questions at various levels:

✅ Basic, Intermediate, and Advanced.


➡️ Basic and Intermediate AWS Interview questions:
- What is AWS?
- What is EC2?
- What is S3?
- What is IAM?
- What is VPC?
- What is a Security Group?
- What are Availability Zones (AZs)?
- What is the difference between S3 and EBS?
- What is Auto Scaling?
- Explain the difference between Instance Store and EBS.
- What is CloudFront?
- What is the difference between an Elastic Load Balancer (ELB) and a Classic Load Balancer (CLB)?
- What is the use of AWS Lambda?
- What is the difference between a public and private subnet in VPC?
- Explain the difference between RDS and DynamoDB.
- What is an S3 bucket policy?

➡️ Advanced AWS Interview Questions:
- How does AWS CloudFormation work, and how does it help in automation?
- What are the benefits of using AWS Organizations?
- How does Amazon Route 53 work?
- What is AWS Kinesis and how does it differ from AWS Lambda?
- Explain the concept of AWS Elastic Beanstalk.
- What are the different types of EBS volumes and their use cases?
- What is AWS Direct Connect, and how does it work?
- What is the Amazon Elastic File System (EFS) and its use cases?
- What are AWS Trusted Advisor and its key functions?
- Explain the AWS Well Architected Framework.


📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @prodevopsguy 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs

♾ DevOps Zero to Hero ♾


🖥 AWS Zero to Hero Course
🔠https://lnkd.in/dgZ446me

🖥 DevOps Zero to Hero Course
🔠https://lnkd.in/dbfYhieG

🖥 Terraform Zero to Hero
🔠https://lnkd.in/dafDXUh6

🖥 Docker
🔠https://lnkd.in/dV2myVq6

🖥 Kubernetes
🔠https://lnkd.in/dynrCFVy

🖥 Observability Zero to Hero
🔠https://lnkd.in/dHwdSa4W

🖥 Azure Zero to Hero
🔠https://lnkd.in/d3PCGrrA

🖥 What is CICD ?
🔠https://lnkd.in/d7EN3Ymi

🖥 Jenkins ZERO to HERO
🔠https://lnkd.in/dvPCQ9XZ

🖥 Real-Time Projects for DevOps and Cloud
🔠https://lnkd.in/dtuqFPNQ

🖥 GitOps & Argo CD
🔠https://lnkd.in/dBCpzJ5f

🖥 Python for DevOps
🔠https://lnkd.in/dewqThFz

🖥 Shell Scripting for DevOps
🔠https://lnkd.in/dbXVPbyT

🖥 Ansible Zero to Hero
🔠https://lnkd.in/df_Gnn74

🖥 Real DevOps Podcasts
🔠https://lnkd.in/ds6XAx_S


📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @prodevopsguy 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs

🚀 Networking is the backbone of DevOps!


As DevOps Engineers, understanding how services communicate across environments is crucial for debugging, securing, and optimizing systems.

Here’s a quick reference list of common network ports that every DevOps and Cloud Engineer should be familiar with — from HTTP and SSH to Kubernetes, Docker, Redis, and Prometheus.

🌝Knowing these ports helps when:
✅ Configuring firewalls and security groups
✅ Troubleshooting connectivity issues
✅ Building secure CI/CD and cloud infrastructures

💡 Solid networking knowledge = stronger DevOps foundation.

📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐆𝐢𝐭𝐇𝐮𝐛 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 : https://github.com/NotHarshhaa

📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @prodevopsguy 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs

🖥 Kubernetes interview Questions: ❓


❗️ Phase 1: Foundations (Day 1–5)

⚡️Day 1 – Introduction to Kubernetes

1. What is Kubernetes, and why do we use it?
2. Difference between Kubernetes and Docker Swarm?
3. Explain the architecture of Kubernetes (Master vs Worker nodes).
4. What is a Pod in Kubernetes?
5. What is the role of kube-apiserver, kube-scheduler, and etcd?
6. How does Kubernetes provide high availability?
7. What problem does Kubernetes solve compared to running apps directly on VMs?

⚡️Day 2 – Pods

1. What is a Pod in Kubernetes?
2. Can a Pod run multiple containers? If yes, why would you need that?
3. What’s the difference between a Pod and a container?
4. How do you check the logs of a Pod?
5. What happens if a Pod dies?
6. Difference between kubectl apply and kubectl create when creating Pods?
7. What is the difference between a static Pod and a normal Pod?

⚡️Day 3 – ReplicaSets

1. What is a ReplicaSet in Kubernetes?
2. How is a ReplicaSet different from a ReplicationController?
3. If a Pod managed by a ReplicaSet is deleted, what happens?
4. Can we scale a ReplicaSet manually? If yes, how?
5. How does a ReplicaSet ensure high availability?
6. Explain the relationship between ReplicaSet and Deployment.
7. Which object controls Pods directly: Deployment or ReplicaSet?

⚡️Day 4 – Services

1. What is a Service in Kubernetes?
2. Explain the different types of Services (ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, ExternalName).
3. Which is the default Service type in Kubernetes?
4. How does a Service communicate with Pods?
5. What is kube-proxy, and what is its role in Services?
6. Difference between ClusterIP and NodePort?
7. How do Services help achieve loose coupling between microservices?

⚡️Day 5 – Deployments

1. What is a Deployment in Kubernetes?
2. Difference between Deployment and ReplicaSet?
3. How do Deployments achieve zero-downtime updates?
4. What is a rolling update strategy in Deployments?
5. How do you rollback a Deployment?
6. What are readiness and liveness probes, and why are they important?
7. How does Deployment ensure fault tolerance?


📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐆𝐢𝐭𝐇𝐮𝐛 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 : https://github.com/NotHarshhaa

📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @prodevopsguy 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs

🚀 AWS Project 02: WordPress Hosting Architecture using AWS VPC, EC2, RDS & S3 (Intermediate) 🌐

We’re diving deep into real-world AWS architecture! In this project, you’ll build a complete WordPress hosting environment step by step — learning how different AWS services integrate to create a secure, scalable web application.

🧩 What You’ll Build:
- A custom VPC with both public and private subnets
- An EC2 instance hosting a WordPress application
- A MySQL RDS database in a private subnet
- An S3 bucket for storing static website assets

⚙️ Key Skills Covered:
- AWS Networking (VPC, Subnets, Security Groups)
- EC2 Instance Setup & WordPress Installation
- RDS Database Integration
- S3 for Static Content Hosting

🧠 Prerequisites:
- An AWS account with permissions to create IAM roles, VPCs, EC2, and RDS
- Basic knowledge of AWS services

🌍 Goal:
By the end of this project, you’ll have a fully functional WordPress site hosted on AWS — designed using industry best practices for networking, scalability, and security.

📂 Project Repository:
📱 https://github.com/NotHarshhaa/AWS-Projects/tree/master/AWS-Project-01


📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @prodevopsguy 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs

📱 30 Kubernetes Tutorials

Each one focused on a key concept, tool, or best practice.

1. Kubernetes Architecture - https://lnkd.in/gSB2GyXp
2. High Availability - https://lnkd.in/gzYd97Ee
3. Best Practices (Design & Setup) - https://lnkd.in/gPUx8uNP
4. Minikube - https://lnkd.in/gAgcw2q6
5. Kubeadm - https://lnkd.in/gkCQAajB
6. Kubeconfig File - https://lnkd.in/gEnUdrj7
7. Vagrant VMs - https://lnkd.in/gtKNepyc
8. eksctl - https://lnkd.in/ghUDuDQx
9. kubectl - https://lnkd.in/gzbd7263
10. Kubernetes Cluster - https://lnkd.in/giaAps_S
11. Etcd - https://lnkd.in/g9icGcME
12. Kubernetes Pod - https://lnkd.in/gtGGyJR7
13. Init Containers - https://lnkd.in/gPaDpyUP
14. Daemonset - https://lnkd.in/gAM7pxrK
15. Pod Lifecycle - https://lnkd.in/gtwBJr3w
16. Kubernetes Ingress - https://lnkd.in/gN2RD3ei
17. Nginx Ingress - https://lnkd.in/ghvGtGS3
18. K8s YAML Manifests - https://lnkd.in/gJQ-pPJE
19. Alert Manager - https://lnkd.in/gHM6DnFE
20. EFK Stack - https://lnkd.in/gSC6bj37
21. K8s Logging - https://lnkd.in/g8VG6nti
22. Kustomize - https://lnkd.in/gziADVvS
23. Sealed Secrets - https://lnkd.in/gceD9mpU
24. Docker Image In K8s Pod - https://lnkd.in/g4qUgj4E
25. Jenkins Build Agents - https://lnkd.in/gf9R-qin
26. Kustomize Secret - https://lnkd.in/gW_eugbf
27. Deploy Argo CD - https://lnkd.in/gHUMhS7Q
28. Install Helm for K8s - https://lnkd.in/gn2DHbRz
29. MongoDB - https://lnkd.in/ga8DmNKb
30. Hashicorp Vault - https://lnkd.in/gB7EZYJT


📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐆𝐢𝐭𝐇𝐮𝐛 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 : https://github.com/NotHarshhaa

📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @devopsclassroom 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs

#️⃣ Must-Know 📱 GitHub Interview Questions ❓

Brush up before your next DevOps/Cloud/Developer interview! 🖥⚙️

1. How does GitHub Actions work and how do you create a custom workflow?

2. What is the difference between git pull and git fetch in a GitHub repo context?

3. How can you resolve a merge conflict in GitHub?

4. Explain the concept of GitHub forks vs. branches.

5. How do you enforce protected branches and what is their purpose?

6. How can you trigger a GitHub Action only when code is pushed to a specific folder?

7. What is the .github directory used for in repositories?

8. How do you use GitHub CLI and what are its real-world benefits?

9. What is the difference between GitHub Projects and GitHub Issues?

10. How do you manage secrets in GitHub Actions securely?

11. What are GitHub Environments and how do they differ from branches?

12. How would you rollback a release deployed via GitHub Actions?

13. How do GitHub Codespaces help in faster development onboarding?

14. What’s the difference between squash merge, rebase, and regular merge on GitHub?

15. How do you set up branch rules for CI/CD pipelines using GitHub Actions?

🔠Hard level:

1. How do you handle secrets rotation dynamically in GitHub Actions without exposing credentials?

2. Explain how matrix builds work in GitHub Actions and when to use them.

3. How do you implement monorepo CI/CD with GitHub Actions while minimizing unnecessary job runs?

4. Describe a secure GitOps workflow using GitHub and ArgoCD.

5. How would you set up end-to-end testing across microservices using GitHub Actions workflows?

6. How do you audit GitHub enterprise repositories for compliance and security best practices?

7. What are the limitations of GitHub Actions compared to other CI/CD tools like GitLab or Jenkins?

8. How can you customize self-hosted GitHub Action runners and manage their scale?

9. Describe a real-world use case for composite actions and how you version them.

10. How do you prevent secret leakage during pull request builds in public GitHub repositories?

11. How can you manage cross-repo dependencies and coordinated releases using GitHub Workflows?

12. What’s the best way to handle rollback strategies in GitHub-based CD pipelines?

13. How do you integrate OPA/Gatekeeper or policy-as-code tools in GitHub Actions?

14. How can GitHub’s GraphQL API help in automating repo health checks and metrics?

15. How do you perform static code analysis + security scans (like SAST/Dependency Review) automatically on every PR?


📱 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @prodevopsguy 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs