Basic 📱 Git Flow in DevOps ♾ CI-CD!
1️⃣ . Developer Creates Feature Branch: The developer creates a new feature branch and is used to work on a new feature or a specific task.
2️⃣ . Developer Writes Code: The developer writes the necessary code for the feature in their local development environment.
3️⃣ . Developer Commits Changes: Once the developer is satisfied with the changes, they commit the changes to the feature branch in the local Git repository.
4️⃣ . Developer Creates Pull Request: The developer pushes the committed changes by creating a pull request to merge the feature branch into the main branch.
5️⃣ . Code Review by Team: The pull request initiates a code review process where team members review the changes.
6️⃣ . Approval of Pull Request: After addressing any feedback and making necessary adjustments, the pull request is approved by the reviewers.
7️⃣ . Merge to Main Branch: The approved pull request is merged into the main branch of the Git repository.
8️⃣ . Triggers CI/CD Pipeline: This automation ensures that the changes are continuously integrated and deployed.
9️⃣ . Then we follow the procedure for building and testing the code, deploying to staging env. Once the tests in the staging environment pass, a manual approval is required to deploy the changes to the production environment. Once the code is deployed to production env, the prod env is monitored using Prometheus to track the performance and health of the application. The collected metrics are visualized using Grafana. Finally alerts are configured.
❤️ 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @prodevopsguy 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs
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If you’re preparing for DevOps interviews or working on real-world infrastructure automation, mastering Terraform CLI commands is a must-have skill.
Here’s a complete list of the most-used Terraform commands.
terraform -version → Check Terraform version
terraform init → Initialize working directory with required plugins & providers
terraform validate → Validate syntax & configuration files
terraform fmt → Format Terraform code in standard style
terraform providers → Show all providers used in the configuration
terraform plan → Show what changes will be made before applying
terraform apply → Apply infrastructure changes
terraform destroy → Delete all resources created by Terraform
terraform apply -auto-approve → Skip approval step
terraform plan -out=tfplan → Save plan output to a file
terraform workspace list → List all workspaces
terraform workspace new dev → Create a new workspace
terraform workspace select dev → Switch to specific workspace
terraform workspace delete dev → Delete workspace
terraform show → Show current state or plan
terraform state list → List all resources tracked in state
terraform state show <resource> → Show details of a specific resource
terraform state rm <resource> → Remove resource from state
terraform refresh → Update state file with real resource data
terraform taint <resource> → Mark a resource for recreation
terraform untaint <resource> → Undo taint
terraform output → Show output variables
terraform output -json → Show outputs in JSON format
terraform apply -var="instance_type=t2.micro" → Pass variable from CLI
terraform plan -var-file="dev.tfvars" → Use variable file
terraform init -backend-config="backend.hcl" → Initialize backend configuration
terraform state pull → Download remote state
terraform state push → Upload local state to remote
terraform get → Download modules
terraform init -upgrade → Upgrade modules & providers
terraform graph → Visualize dependency graph
terraform fmt -recursive → Format all .tf files recursively
terraform validate → Detect configuration issues early
terraform apply -refresh-only → Refresh state without changing infra
terraform force-unlock <LOCK_ID> → Unlock a stuck state file
terraform plan -input=false -out=tfplan → Non-interactive plan for pipelines
terraform apply -input=false tfplan → Apply pre-generated plan
terraform fmt -check → Check formatting in GitHub Actions
terraform validate → Validate configs automatically in CI
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- 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Check that you are in the correct directory with a Git repository, or initialize a new repository using
𝐠𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭.- 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Use
𝐠𝐢𝐭 𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐥 to update your local branch with the remote branch or 𝐠𝐢𝐭 𝐩𝐮𝐬𝐡 to push your changes to the remote branch.- 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Resolve conflicts manually in the conflicting files, then use 𝐠𝐢𝐭 𝐚𝐝𝐝 to stage the changes, and commit them.
- 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Use 𝐠𝐢𝐭 𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐥 to get the latest changes from the remote branch and then commit your changes.
- 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Ensure your SSH key is added to your SSH agent and associated with your Git account.
- 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Update the remote's URL using 𝐠𝐢𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐭-𝐮𝐫𝐥 𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐧 <𝐧𝐞𝐰_𝐮𝐫𝐥>.
- 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Check the spelling and case of the file name and ensure it's part of the repository.
- 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Provide a commit message using 𝐠𝐢𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐢𝐭 -𝐦 "Your message here".
- 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Configure line endings using .𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬 or global Git configuration.
- 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Stash your local changes with 𝐠𝐢𝐭 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐬𝐡, then perform the merge, and finally apply your changes back with 𝐠𝐢𝐭 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐬𝐡 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲.
Remember that these are just brief solutions. The specific actions needed may vary based on the context of the error and the state of your Git repository.
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docker --version: Check Docker version.-
docker info: Get system-wide information.-
docker help: Get help with Docker commands.-
docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]: Run a container.-
docker ps: List running containers.-
docker ps -a: List all containers.-
docker stop CONTAINER: Stop a running container.-
docker start CONTAINER: Start a stopped container.-
docker restart CONTAINER: Restart a container.-
docker rm CONTAINER: Remove a container.-
docker kill CONTAINER: Kill a running container.-
docker images: List images.-
docker pull IMAGE: Pull an image from a registry.-
docker build -t TAG .: Build an image from a Dockerfile.-
docker rmi IMAGE: Remove an image.-
docker network ls: List networks.-
docker network create NETWORK: Create a network.-
docker network connect NETWORK CONTAINER: Connect a container to a network.-
docker network disconnect NETWORK CONTAINER: Disconnect a container from a network.-
docker volume ls: List volumes.-
docker volume create VOLUME: Create a volume.-
docker volume rm VOLUME: Remove a volume.-
docker-compose up: Start services defined in a Compose file.-
docker-compose down: Stop services defined in a Compose file.-
docker-compose build: Build or rebuild services.-
docker-compose logs: View output from services.-
docker inspect CONTAINER/IMAGE: Display detailed information.-
docker logs CONTAINER: Fetch the logs of a container.-
docker exec -it CONTAINER bash: Access a running container.Stay efficient and automate smartly!
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One-click setup for your DevOps learning journey
Get all essential tools installed and configured on your local machine — in just minutes!
This lightweight toolkit automatically installs and configures the most essential DevOps tools you need to start learning — no complex setup, no headaches.
Perfect for beginners who want to *learn by doing*
Version Control: Git — Code versioning with helpful aliases
Containerization: Docker, Docker Compose — Container management & orchestration
Orchestration: Kubernetes (kubectl + Minikube) — Local K8s setup
Infrastructure: Terraform — Infrastructure as Code
Configuration: Ansible — Automation & configuration management
Development: VS Code — Preloaded with DevOps extensions
Cloud CLI: AWS CLI, Azure CLI — Multi-cloud management tools
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- In this model, applications are installed and run directly on a physical server.
- The operating system, necessary libraries and the application itself all reside on a single, dedicated machine.
- This leads to tight coupling between the application and the underlying hardware.
- Virtualization introduces a hypervisor layer on top of the physical hardware. - This layer allows you to create multiple Virtual Machines (VMs) on a single server.
- Each VM emulates a complete physical computer system, with its own virtual CPU, memory and storage.
- Applications run within these VMs, isolated from each other.
- Containers take virtualization a step further.
- They package an application and its dependencies (libraries, binaries, configuration files) into a portable, lightweight image.
- Unlike VMs, containers share the host machine's operating system kernel, making them far more efficient.
- Kubernetes is an open-source platform that automates the deployment, scaling and management of containerized applications.
- It groups containers into logical units (pods) and provides mechanisms for :
Automates container placement, scaling, and networking.
Monitors and restarts containers, or reschedules pods on different nodes in case of failures.
Enables zero-downtime application updates.
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DevOps is 20% building, 80% optimizing and operating.
Get the 'Day 0' basics right before jumping into tools.
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DevOps & Cloud (AWS, AZURE, GCP) Tech Free Learning
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GitHub
GitHub - NotHarshhaa/Certified_Kubernetes_Administrator: Master Kubernetes from scratch and become a Certified Kubernetes Administrator…
Master Kubernetes from scratch and become a Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA)! This repository is your one-stop resource to learn Kubernetes, Helm, Operators, Prometheus, and AWS EKS with ha...
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100 Terms & Services which every DevOps ♾ Engineer should be aware of:
1. Continuous Integration (CI): Automates code integration.
2. Continuous Deployment (CD): Automated code deployment.
3. Version Control System (VCS): Manages code versions.
4. Git: Distributed version control.
5. Jenkins: Automation server for CI/CD.
6. Build Automation: Automates code compilation.
7. Artifact: Build output package.
8. Maven: Build and project management.
9. Gradle: Build automation tool.
10. Containerization: Application packaging and isolation.
11. Docker: Containerization platform.
12. Kubernetes: Container orchestration.
13. Orchestration: Automated coordination of components.
14. Microservices: Architectural design approach.
15. Infrastructure as Code (IaC): Manage infrastructure programmatically.
16. Terraform: IaC provisioning tool.
17. Ansible: IaC automation tool.
18. Chef: IaC automation tool.
19. Puppet: IaC automation tool.
20. Configuration Management: Automates infrastructure configurations.
21. Monitoring: Observing system behavior.
22. Alerting: Notifies on issues.
23. Logging: Recording system events.
24. ELK Stack: Log management tools.
25. Prometheus: Monitoring and alerting toolkit.
26. Grafana: Visualization platform.
27. Application Performance Monitoring (APM): Monitors app performance.
28. Load Balancing: Distributes traffic evenly.
29. Reverse Proxy: Forwards client requests.
30. NGINX: Web server and reverse proxy.
31. Apache: Web server and reverse proxy.
32. Serverless Architecture: Code execution without servers.
33. AWS Lambda: Serverless compute service.
34. Azure Functions: Serverless compute service.
35. Google Cloud Functions: Serverless compute service.
36. Infrastructure Orchestration: Automates infrastructure deployment.
37. AWS CloudFormation: IaC for AWS.
38. Azure Resource Manager (ARM): IaC for Azure.
39. Google Cloud Deployment Manager: IaC for GCP.
40. Continuous Testing: Automated testing at all stages.
41. Unit Testing: Tests individual components.
42. Integration Testing: Tests component interactions.
43. System Testing: Tests entire system.
44. Performance Testing: Evaluates system speed.
45. Security Testing: Identifies vulnerabilities.
46. DevSecOps: Integrates security in DevOps.
47. Code Review: Inspection for quality.
48. Static Code Analysis: Examines code without execution.
49. Dynamic Code Analysis: Analyzes running code.
50. Dependency Management: Handles code dependencies.
51. Artifact Repository: Stores and manages artifacts.
52. Nexus: Repository manager.
53. JFrog Artifactory: Repository manager.
54. Continuous Monitoring: Real-time system observation.
55. Incident Response: Manages system incidents.
56. Site Reliability Engineering (SRE): Ensures system reliability.
57. Collaboration Tools: Facilitates team communication.
58. Slack: Team messaging platform.
59. Microsoft Teams: Collaboration platform.
60. ChatOps: Collaborative development through chat.
✈️ 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 @prodevopsguy 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝 & 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬!!! // 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐎𝐩𝐬 𝐃𝐎𝐂𝐬: @devopsdocs
1. Continuous Integration (CI): Automates code integration.
2. Continuous Deployment (CD): Automated code deployment.
3. Version Control System (VCS): Manages code versions.
4. Git: Distributed version control.
5. Jenkins: Automation server for CI/CD.
6. Build Automation: Automates code compilation.
7. Artifact: Build output package.
8. Maven: Build and project management.
9. Gradle: Build automation tool.
10. Containerization: Application packaging and isolation.
11. Docker: Containerization platform.
12. Kubernetes: Container orchestration.
13. Orchestration: Automated coordination of components.
14. Microservices: Architectural design approach.
15. Infrastructure as Code (IaC): Manage infrastructure programmatically.
16. Terraform: IaC provisioning tool.
17. Ansible: IaC automation tool.
18. Chef: IaC automation tool.
19. Puppet: IaC automation tool.
20. Configuration Management: Automates infrastructure configurations.
21. Monitoring: Observing system behavior.
22. Alerting: Notifies on issues.
23. Logging: Recording system events.
24. ELK Stack: Log management tools.
25. Prometheus: Monitoring and alerting toolkit.
26. Grafana: Visualization platform.
27. Application Performance Monitoring (APM): Monitors app performance.
28. Load Balancing: Distributes traffic evenly.
29. Reverse Proxy: Forwards client requests.
30. NGINX: Web server and reverse proxy.
31. Apache: Web server and reverse proxy.
32. Serverless Architecture: Code execution without servers.
33. AWS Lambda: Serverless compute service.
34. Azure Functions: Serverless compute service.
35. Google Cloud Functions: Serverless compute service.
36. Infrastructure Orchestration: Automates infrastructure deployment.
37. AWS CloudFormation: IaC for AWS.
38. Azure Resource Manager (ARM): IaC for Azure.
39. Google Cloud Deployment Manager: IaC for GCP.
40. Continuous Testing: Automated testing at all stages.
41. Unit Testing: Tests individual components.
42. Integration Testing: Tests component interactions.
43. System Testing: Tests entire system.
44. Performance Testing: Evaluates system speed.
45. Security Testing: Identifies vulnerabilities.
46. DevSecOps: Integrates security in DevOps.
47. Code Review: Inspection for quality.
48. Static Code Analysis: Examines code without execution.
49. Dynamic Code Analysis: Analyzes running code.
50. Dependency Management: Handles code dependencies.
51. Artifact Repository: Stores and manages artifacts.
52. Nexus: Repository manager.
53. JFrog Artifactory: Repository manager.
54. Continuous Monitoring: Real-time system observation.
55. Incident Response: Manages system incidents.
56. Site Reliability Engineering (SRE): Ensures system reliability.
57. Collaboration Tools: Facilitates team communication.
58. Slack: Team messaging platform.
59. Microsoft Teams: Collaboration platform.
60. ChatOps: Collaborative development through chat.
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Kubernetes networking is a critical aspect of managing containerized applications in a distributed environment. It ensures that containers within a Kubernetes cluster can communicate with each other, with external users, and with other services smoothly.
Let's explore the key concepts and components of Kubernetes networking:
- Pods share the same network namespace and can communicate via localhost.
- Kubernetes assigns each Pod a unique IP address for inter-node communication.
- Services provide stable endpoints for accessing Pods.
- ClusterIP, NodePort, and LoadBalancer are common Service types for internal and external access.
- Ingress manages external access to Services based on HTTP/HTTPS rules.
- Ingress controllers handle traffic routing to Services within the cluster.
- This defines rules for Pod-to-Pod communication and access to external resources.
- It enables fine-grained control over network traffic within the cluster.
- A standard for defining plugins that handle networking in container runtimes.
- Used by Kubernetes to manage network interfaces and IP addresses.
- Kube-Proxy manages network rules for routing traffic to Services.
- CoreDNS resolves DNS queries for Kubernetes Services and Pods.
Understanding Kubernetes networking is essential for deploying and managing containerized applications effectively within a Kubernetes cluster
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1. Stripe runs payments across multiple regions with active-active architecture.
How would you ensure transaction consistency and prevent drift during partial regional failovers?
2. Your team reports slow API response times, but CPU, memory, and request volume look stable. What non-obvious infra metrics do you check before suspecting the app layer?
3. You’re asked to migrate a Terraform backend from S3 to GCS without breaking concurrent CI pipelines. How do you plan for state locking, parallel applies, and drift protection during migration?
4. A new container image passed CI but failed readiness probes in production.
No logs, no crashloops - just hangs. How would you debug this, step by step?
5. Describe your zero-downtime strategy for rolling out config changes to Nginx ingress across 500+ services, when 20% of traffic is long-lived HTTP connections.
1. Payments API latency spikes by 600ms only in one region.
No new deploys. DNS propagation, load balancers, and instances are all healthy. Where do you start your RCA?
2. You rolled out a new sidecar container for caching, and suddenly, Redis connection resets appear intermittently. What’s your hypothesis, and how do you prove or disprove it?
3. One of your CI runners keeps deleting the /tmp directory during builds, breaking workflows. Walk through your isolation, tracing, and mitigation steps.
4. During an SRE review, your system passes SLO targets but still experiences user complaints. What hidden reliability gaps could explain this discrepancy?
1. How would you build a postmortem process that improves velocity without creating fear?
2. You’re asked to roll out service-level chaos testing across payments infra.
How do you choose test boundaries without risking actual transactions?
3. What does “reliability” mean when the cost of one incident equals $5M in transactions?
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As we light up our homes with diyas and lanterns, let’s also light up our minds with new ideas, innovations, and deployments that actually work on the first try!
Keep scaling, keep learning, and keep automating
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DevOps & Cloud (AWS, AZURE, GCP) Tech Free Learning
- Introduced a Favorites feature that lets users easily save and manage their preferred documents.
- Users can now view and organize their saved favorites in one place.
- Recently added favorites are highlighted for quick access.
- Improved overall user experience with smoother navigation and a more polished interface.
💡 This is your shortcut to top-quality DevOps & Cloud learning — no more hunting across the internet.
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1. Started with a DNS issue that stopped AWS services from talking to each other.
2. This caused DynamoDB to fail, which many AWS services depend on.
3. EC2 instances & Lambda functions began failing as the problem spread.
4. AWS resolved the DNS issue, but some services are still recovering.
If you are a DevOps or Cloud Engineer, this is a great use case to understand.
A small DNS glitch can bring half the internet down.
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DevOps & Cloud (AWS, AZURE, GCP) Tech Free Learning
Yesterday, AWS US-EAST-1 - one of the most critical regions globally - faced a disruption that impacted thousands of applications.
The issue began with DynamoDB, which started showing high error rates. What many don’t realize is that DynamoDB isn’t just a database service for customers - it’s used internally by AWS itself to store metadata, state, and configuration for dozens of AWS services.
When DNS resolution to DynamoDB failed, dependent services couldn’t locate its API endpoints. That triggered a cascading failure where over 36 AWS services were affected at once.
Think of it like losing the “directory” that tells every service where DynamoDB lives - suddenly nothing knows how to talk to it.
This created a retry storm ~>more DNS failures ~> more retries ~> feedback loop
They didn’t wait for a single fix — they ran multiple recovery strategies in parallel:
• Stabilized DNS resolution for DynamoDB
• Rerouted internal DNS paths
• Brought up alternative resolver paths + caching
• Gradually restored service dependencies
This incident is a strong reminder that in cloud-scale systems, a single service dependency can ripple into a multi-service disruption in minutes.
In DevOps/SRE:⚠️ “No system fails alone — dependencies fail together.”
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Forwarded from The DevOps Classroom
Are you looking to get hands-on with Terraform and Infrastructure as Code (IaC)? We created a 14-day learning plan covering everything from the basics to advanced concepts.
Each day, we shared a deep dive into a new Terraform topic, packed with practical examples, best practices, and troubleshooting tips.
Now, We compiling all 14 articles into one place to help you on your Terraform journey!
1. Introduction to Terraform - https://lnkd.in/guZkiFBP
2. Basics of Terraform - https://lnkd.in/gppbq8ed
3. Variables and Outputs - https://lnkd.in/gJXb2u3D
4. Terraform State Management - https://lnkd.in/gDepmUdD
5. Terraform Module - https://lnkd.in/gSZMZ-7F
6. Provisioners and Meta-Arguments - https://lnkd.in/g5zFxTb3
7. Mini Project - https://lnkd.in/gtET_p5v
8. Terraform Cloud and Workspaces - https://lnkd.in/gdBdB_vP
9. Terraform with CI/CD - https://lnkd.in/giZgf8QF
10. Handling Secrets and Security in Terraform - https://lnkd.in/gywgK-h3
11. Debugging and Troubleshooting Terraform - https://lnkd.in/gWX-3QTw
12. Terraform Best Practices - https://lnkd.in/g7iDVnfP
13. Terraform With Kubernetes - https://lnkd.in/gEziumJK
14. Terraform Enterprise, Sentinel, Custom Providers - https://lnkd.in/g_FNYS9c
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Forwarded from The DevOps Classroom
Reason: Memory leaks, unoptimized code, or infinite loops.
Reason: Old logs, temp data, or backups filling /var/log.
Reason: Failed readiness/liveness probes or bad configuration.
Reason: Container exceeds memory limit.
Reason: Environment inconsistency or missing dependencies.
Reason: Multiple users modifying infra or manual AWS console changes.
Reason: No autoscaling or CPU credit exhaustion.
Reason: Wrong credentials, security group, or parameter group issues.
Reason: Unoptimized queries or cold starts (Lambda).
Reason: Unnecessary layers or base image bloat.
Reason: Wrong IAM role or log driver misconfiguration.
Reason: Cold starts or external service latency.
Reason: No lifecycle policy or backup scripts flooding data.
Reason: TTL propagation or wrong health check configuration.
Reason: Inefficient builds, large dependencies, or lack of caching.
Reason: Network issue, kubelet crash, or resource exhaustion.
Reason: Wrong ECR permissions or missing imagePullSecrets.
Reason: Resource dependencies or failed deletes.
Reason: Wrong health check path or app not responding on target port.
Reason: App crash or resource limits exceeded.
Reason: Incorrect threshold or noisy rules.
Reason: Approval gates or permission issues.
Reason: Missed renewal automation.
Reason: Wrong metric namespace or missing data points.
Reason: Idle EC2/RDS, orphaned EBS, or unused load balancers.
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Forwarded from The DevOps Classroom
Cool. Let’s find out.
Because the moment you drop “Kubernetes” in a DevOps interview…
You’ve just invited a deep dive from hell.
Not “what’s a Pod?”
Not “what’s the difference between a ReplicaSet and a Deployment?”
I’m talking about the kind of questions I ask as a Principal DevOps Engineer - to see if you’ve actually run clusters in production, not just deployed NGINX on kind once.
Here are 15 real-world Kubernetes questions that separate K8s admins/operators from K8s experts wannabes.
1 - Pod stuck in CrashLoopBackOff, no logs, no errors.
→ How do you debug beyond kubectl logs and describe?
2 - A StatefulSet pod won’t reattach its PVC after a node crash.
→ How do you recover without recreating storage?
3 - Pods are Pending, Cluster Autoscaler won’t scale up.
→ Walk me through your top 3 debugging steps.
4 - NetworkPolicy blocks cross-namespace traffic.
→ How do you design least-privilege rules and test them safely?
5 - Service must connect to an external DB via VPN inside the cluster.
→ How do you architect it for HA + security?
6 - Running a multi-tenant EKS cluster.
→ How do you isolate workloads with RBAC, quotas, and network segmentation?
7 - Kubelet keeps restarting on one node.
→ Where do you look first – systemd, container runtime, or cgroups?
8 - Critical pod got evicted due to node pressure.
→ Explain QoS classes and eviction policies.
9 - A rolling update caused downtime.
→ What went wrong in your readiness/startup probe or deployment config?
10 - Ingress Controller fails under load.
→ How do you debug and scale routing efficiently?
11 - Istio sidecar consumes more CPU than your app.
→ How do you profile and optimise mesh performance?
12 - etcd is slowing down control plane ops.
→ Root causes + how do you tune it safely?
13 - You must enforce images from a trusted internal registry only.
→ Gatekeeper, Kyverno, or custom Admission Webhook – what’s your move?
14 - Pods stuck in ContainerCreating forever.
→ CNI attach delay? OverlayFS corruption? Walk me through your root-cause process.
15 - Random DNS failures in Pods.
→ How do you debug CoreDNS, kube-proxy, and conntrack interactions?
If you can answer these confidently…
You don’t just use Kubernetes - you operate, secure, and scale it.
Let’s raise the bar for DevOps engineers.
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