ADA Insulin Dosing Recommendations for Adults with T2DM
Step 1 - start with long-acting insulin or bedtime NPH
Initial dose: 10 units/day or 0.1 - 0.2 units/kg/day
Adjust dose: increase dose by 10 - 15% or 2 - 4 units once or twice weekly to achieve fasting blood sugar goal (see adjusting basal insulin and NPH dosing for other recommendations)
If hypoglycemia occurs: decrease dose by 10 - 20% or 4 units
If A1C is still above target despite achieving fasting blood sugar goal, or if A1C is not at target and insulin dose is > 0.7 - 1.0 units/kg, proceed to Step 2
Step 2 - add premeal insulin before largest meal
Initial dose: 4 units or 10% of basal dose
If A1C < 8%, consider decreasing basal insulin dose by same amount
Adjust dose: increase dose by 1 - 2 units or 10 - 15% twice weekly to achieve pre- and postprandial goals (see adjusting premeal insulin for other recommendations)
If hypoglycemia occurs: decrease dose 2 - 4 units or 10 - 20%
For patients using bedtime NPH:
Consider switching to twice daily NPH by taking 80% of current bedtime NPH dose and giving 2/3 in the morning and 1/3 at bedtime. See NPH dosing for more.
Example:
Current bedtime NPH dose is 30 units
0.80 X 30 = 24 units
2/3 of 24 = 16 units in the morning
1/3 of 24 = 8 units in the evening
If A1C still not at target, proceed to Step 3
Step 1 - start with long-acting insulin or bedtime NPH
Initial dose: 10 units/day or 0.1 - 0.2 units/kg/day
Adjust dose: increase dose by 10 - 15% or 2 - 4 units once or twice weekly to achieve fasting blood sugar goal (see adjusting basal insulin and NPH dosing for other recommendations)
If hypoglycemia occurs: decrease dose by 10 - 20% or 4 units
If A1C is still above target despite achieving fasting blood sugar goal, or if A1C is not at target and insulin dose is > 0.7 - 1.0 units/kg, proceed to Step 2
Step 2 - add premeal insulin before largest meal
Initial dose: 4 units or 10% of basal dose
If A1C < 8%, consider decreasing basal insulin dose by same amount
Adjust dose: increase dose by 1 - 2 units or 10 - 15% twice weekly to achieve pre- and postprandial goals (see adjusting premeal insulin for other recommendations)
If hypoglycemia occurs: decrease dose 2 - 4 units or 10 - 20%
For patients using bedtime NPH:
Consider switching to twice daily NPH by taking 80% of current bedtime NPH dose and giving 2/3 in the morning and 1/3 at bedtime. See NPH dosing for more.
Example:
Current bedtime NPH dose is 30 units
0.80 X 30 = 24 units
2/3 of 24 = 16 units in the morning
1/3 of 24 = 8 units in the evening
If A1C still not at target, proceed to Step 3
ADA Insulin Recommendations for Youth with T2DM
Basal insulin
Initial dose: 0.5 units/kg/day
Adjust dose: Increase every 3 - 5 days based on blood sugar readings to a maximum of 1.5 units/kg/day
If pancreatic autoantibodies are positive, consider starting basal-premeal regimen or insulin pump therapy
Basal insulin
Initial dose: 0.5 units/kg/day
Adjust dose: Increase every 3 - 5 days based on blood sugar readings to a maximum of 1.5 units/kg/day
If pancreatic autoantibodies are positive, consider starting basal-premeal regimen or insulin pump therapy
#juxtaphrenic_peak_sign
(also called diaphragmatic tenting or Kattan sign) refers to a peaked or tented appearance of a hemidiaphragm caused by ipsilateral lung volume loss. It results from retraction of the diaphragm at an inferior accessory fissure, major fissure, or inferior pulmonary ligament.
#Radiographically,
it appears as a small triangular opacity with its apex pointing superiorly on the hemidiaphragm.
#Significance
It is most commonly seen in right or left upper lobe volume loss (collapse), although it may also occur with middle lobe collapse.
(also called diaphragmatic tenting or Kattan sign) refers to a peaked or tented appearance of a hemidiaphragm caused by ipsilateral lung volume loss. It results from retraction of the diaphragm at an inferior accessory fissure, major fissure, or inferior pulmonary ligament.
#Radiographically,
it appears as a small triangular opacity with its apex pointing superiorly on the hemidiaphragm.
#Significance
It is most commonly seen in right or left upper lobe volume loss (collapse), although it may also occur with middle lobe collapse.
T2DM 2026 UpdatesInMedicine.com.pdf
25 MB
๐ด Management of Type 2 Diabetes, 2026. A Consensus Report
American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European, Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)
UpdatesInMedicine.com
American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European, Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)
UpdatesInMedicine.com
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๐ค Aspirin toxicity
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ูู ุนูุงู ู ุนูุงููู ุงูููุจ ูู ุงุดู ุน ุงุณุจุฑูู ูุญุจ ูุฑูุญ ููุณู ูุฌู ูุงุฎุฏ ูขู ูุฑุต ูุงููุฑุต ุงุตูุง ูกูฅู ู ูุฌู ูุฏู ุฃุฎุฏ ู ุงูู ุฑู ุงููุงุญุฏู ูฃู ู ู ู ูุฌู
๐ซฃุงูุนูุงู ูููุฌู ู ู ูู ุชูุงูู
๐ุชุฑุฌูุน
๐ุจููุญ ุฏู
๐ุทุจุนุง ุงูู ู ุงูุจุทู
๐ูููููู ุญุงุณุณ ุจ ุทููู ู ูุฏุงูู + ุญุงุณุณ ุฃูู ุงูุฏููุง ุจุชูู ุจูู
๐ูุชูุงูู ุงูุนูุงู ูุฌุงู ุจูู dyspnea & hyperventilation
๐ูููููู ุฑููู ูุดู + ูู ูู ุงูุจูู ููููู
๐ู ู ูู ูุฏุฎู ู confusion & Convulsions
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๐คทโโ๏ธููุณ ุงูุณูุฑ ู ู ูู ุชูุงูู hypoglycemia
๐คทโโ๏ธุดูู RR ูุชูุงูู Tachypnea
๐คทโโ๏ธุดูู HR ูุชุชูุงูู Tachycardia ุจุณ ุถุนูู
๐คทโโ๏ธุดูู BP ูุงุฑุฏ ูุชูุงูู hypotension
๐คทโโ๏ธูู ููุณุช ุงูุญุฑุงุฑู ูุชูุงูู feverish
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๐คทโโ๏ธุฑูุจ ููุนูุงู ูุงููููุง ุน ุงูุณุฑูุน
ูุชุณุญุจ ุบุงุฒุงุช + ูุธุงุฆู ููู+ุตูุฏููู ูุจูุชุงุณููู
&RBS
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๐คุงูุชุนุงู ู ู ุน ุงูุนูุงู ุน ุญุณุจ ุงูู ุดููู
๐
_ูู ูููุช ุงูุณุฌููู ูููู ูุตู ุงูุณุฌูู ููุฒู ูฆ ูุชุฑ ูู ูููุชูุฑู ู ุงุณู ูขูจ% ูุงุตุจุฑ ูุญุฏ ู ุงุดูู ุงูุฃูุณุฌูู ููุฑูุน ููุง ูุง
๐ูู ุงูุนูุงู ู ุงูุบุงุฒุงุช ุฏุงุฎู ู metabolic acidosis
ุฌูุฒ ูู ุจููุงุฑุจ ุตูุฏููู ูุชุฏู bolous ู ุงูุงูู ุจุนุฏูู ุดูู ุงููุชูุฌู ุจุนุฏ ุณุญุจ ุบุงุฒุงุช ุชุงูู ูู ู ุชุตูุญุด ููุฏุฎู ุน Infusion ุจุงูู ุนุฏู ุงูู ูุญุฏุฏู ุงููุงุฆุจ
๐คทโโ๏ธุตูุญ ุงูู ุญุตู ู ู ุนุฏุชู ุจ ุงูุชูุฏูู ุงู ุจูู ุฃู ูููุชุฑูููู ููุงู
๐คทโโ๏ธุบุณูู ุงูู ุนุฏู ูุฏู ุงูู ุญุงุฌู
๐คทโโ๏ธูุต ูุชุฑ ู ูุญ ูู ุงูุนูุงู ูููุจุท ู ูู
ูููู ุงูุนูุงู ุฏู ูุงุฒู ูุชุฑูุจ CVP ูู ูุจูุฑ ุณู ููู ุงูุงูุฑุฏู ุถุนููู ุนูุดุงู ุจุณ ุงูุณุญุจ ููู ุงูุงุฏููู ูุงูู ุญุงููู ุงูู ููุงุฎุฏูุง
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ูู ุนูุงู ู ุนูุงููู ุงูููุจ ูู ุงุดู ุน ุงุณุจุฑูู ูุญุจ ูุฑูุญ ููุณู ูุฌู ูุงุฎุฏ ูขู ูุฑุต ูุงููุฑุต ุงุตูุง ูกูฅู ู ูุฌู ูุฏู ุฃุฎุฏ ู ุงูู ุฑู ุงููุงุญุฏู ูฃู ู ู ู ูุฌู
๐ซฃุงูุนูุงู ูููุฌู ู ู ูู ุชูุงูู
๐ุชุฑุฌูุน
๐ุจููุญ ุฏู
๐ุทุจุนุง ุงูู ู ุงูุจุทู
๐ูููููู ุญุงุณุณ ุจ ุทููู ู ูุฏุงูู + ุญุงุณุณ ุฃูู ุงูุฏููุง ุจุชูู ุจูู
๐ูุชูุงูู ุงูุนูุงู ูุฌุงู ุจูู dyspnea & hyperventilation
๐ูููููู ุฑููู ูุดู + ูู ูู ุงูุจูู ููููู
๐ู ู ูู ูุฏุฎู ู confusion & Convulsions
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๐คทโโ๏ธููุณ ุงูุณูุฑ ู ู ูู ุชูุงูู hypoglycemia
๐คทโโ๏ธุดูู RR ูุชูุงูู Tachypnea
๐คทโโ๏ธุดูู HR ูุชุชูุงูู Tachycardia ุจุณ ุถุนูู
๐คทโโ๏ธุดูู BP ูุงุฑุฏ ูุชูุงูู hypotension
๐คทโโ๏ธูู ููุณุช ุงูุญุฑุงุฑู ูุชูุงูู feverish
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๐คทโโ๏ธุฑูุจ ููุนูุงู ูุงููููุง ุน ุงูุณุฑูุน
ูุชุณุญุจ ุบุงุฒุงุช + ูุธุงุฆู ููู+ุตูุฏููู ูุจูุชุงุณููู
&RBS
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๐คุงูุชุนุงู ู ู ุน ุงูุนูุงู ุน ุญุณุจ ุงูู ุดููู
๐
_ูู ูููุช ุงูุณุฌููู ูููู ูุตู ุงูุณุฌูู ููุฒู ูฆ ูุชุฑ ูู ูููุชูุฑู ู ุงุณู ูขูจ% ูุงุตุจุฑ ูุญุฏ ู ุงุดูู ุงูุฃูุณุฌูู ููุฑูุน ููุง ูุง
๐ูู ุงูุนูุงู ู ุงูุบุงุฒุงุช ุฏุงุฎู ู metabolic acidosis
ุฌูุฒ ูู ุจููุงุฑุจ ุตูุฏููู ูุชุฏู bolous ู ุงูุงูู ุจุนุฏูู ุดูู ุงููุชูุฌู ุจุนุฏ ุณุญุจ ุบุงุฒุงุช ุชุงูู ูู ู ุชุตูุญุด ููุฏุฎู ุน Infusion ุจุงูู ุนุฏู ุงูู ูุญุฏุฏู ุงููุงุฆุจ
๐คทโโ๏ธุตูุญ ุงูู ุญุตู ู ู ุนุฏุชู ุจ ุงูุชูุฏูู ุงู ุจูู ุฃู ูููุชุฑูููู ููุงู
๐คทโโ๏ธุบุณูู ุงูู ุนุฏู ูุฏู ุงูู ุญุงุฌู
๐คทโโ๏ธูุต ูุชุฑ ู ูุญ ูู ุงูุนูุงู ูููุจุท ู ูู
ูููู ุงูุนูุงู ุฏู ูุงุฒู ูุชุฑูุจ CVP ูู ูุจูุฑ ุณู ููู ุงูุงูุฑุฏู ุถุนููู ุนูุดุงู ุจุณ ุงูุณุญุจ ููู ุงูุงุฏููู ูุงูู ุญุงููู ุงูู ููุงุฎุฏูุง
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