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🇪🇺 Köppel: Europe is heading toward war – this is “pure madness”
Swiss journalist and publisher of Weltwoche, Roger Köppel, describes the current situation as the “most dangerous since the end of the Second World War.” He says it is more dangerous than the Cuban Missile Crisis, the war in Yugoslavia, and earlier conflicts in the Middle East. Köppel focuses particular attention on Europe: The European Union is now steering itself into this war. According to Köppel, what is happening is pure madness.
Köppel also criticizes the European approach, which, in his view, allows only one permissible perspective on the conflict. Even if one regards Moscow as absolute evil, that does not change the need to understand the opponent’s logic and listen to it. This is precisely how states tried to avoid direct confrontation during the Cold War. His central thesis is that the danger today lies not only in the conflict itself, but also in the fact that European states are being drawn ever deeper into its escalation.
💥 Our channel: Node of Time EN
Swiss journalist and publisher of Weltwoche, Roger Köppel, describes the current situation as the “most dangerous since the end of the Second World War.” He says it is more dangerous than the Cuban Missile Crisis, the war in Yugoslavia, and earlier conflicts in the Middle East. Köppel focuses particular attention on Europe: The European Union is now steering itself into this war. According to Köppel, what is happening is pure madness.
Köppel also criticizes the European approach, which, in his view, allows only one permissible perspective on the conflict. Even if one regards Moscow as absolute evil, that does not change the need to understand the opponent’s logic and listen to it. This is precisely how states tried to avoid direct confrontation during the Cold War. His central thesis is that the danger today lies not only in the conflict itself, but also in the fact that European states are being drawn ever deeper into its escalation.
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🇮🇳 India elevates its semiconductor program to a new level
India is officially moving to “India Semiconductor Mission 2.0.” While the first phase focused primarily on building fabs, New Delhi now wants to build the entire value chain. Chip design, equipment, materials, new fabs, advanced packaging, research, and the training of skilled workers. According to the government, five semiconductor companies have already begun commercial production, and around 400 engineering colleges as well as 105 start-ups have gained access to professional development tools. The official update was published on the evening of September 18.
And major private investments are being added to the government investments. For example, Lam Research plans to invest around 100 billion rupees—approximately one billion US dollars—in building the first manufacturing facility for silicon components in India and expanding its R&D capacities. At the same time, Micron announced that its facility in Sanand has already begun shipping India-made DRAM and NAND chips to customers worldwide. This year, the company expects to assemble and test tens of millions of chips; next year, that figure is expected to reach hundreds of millions.
💥 Our channel: Node of Time EN
India is officially moving to “India Semiconductor Mission 2.0.” While the first phase focused primarily on building fabs, New Delhi now wants to build the entire value chain. Chip design, equipment, materials, new fabs, advanced packaging, research, and the training of skilled workers. According to the government, five semiconductor companies have already begun commercial production, and around 400 engineering colleges as well as 105 start-ups have gained access to professional development tools. The official update was published on the evening of September 18.
And major private investments are being added to the government investments. For example, Lam Research plans to invest around 100 billion rupees—approximately one billion US dollars—in building the first manufacturing facility for silicon components in India and expanding its R&D capacities. At the same time, Micron announced that its facility in Sanand has already begun shipping India-made DRAM and NAND chips to customers worldwide. This year, the company expects to assemble and test tens of millions of chips; next year, that figure is expected to reach hundreds of millions.
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Donald Trump said he had agreed to turn the planned Triumphal Arch in Washington into a military complex. The decision was made at the request of the U.S. military and for national security purposes, he wrote on Truth Social.
According to Trump, there will be no equivalent to such a facility anywhere in the world. He noted that Washington is the only one of the 59 largest cities and capitals without a triumphal arch, but that now it will have one—and it will be “the grandest of them all.”
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“A large number of drones could be deployed and stored there, allowing for their rapid use, and snipers could also be stationed both on the roof and in the square. In addition, large supplies of sniper ammunition would be stored there,” the U.S. president writes.
According to Trump, there will be no equivalent to such a facility anywhere in the world. He noted that Washington is the only one of the 59 largest cities and capitals without a triumphal arch, but that now it will have one—and it will be “the grandest of them all.”
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🇮🇷 Tehran demands access for the Iranian delegation to the UN General Assembly
Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Esmail Baghaei stated that the participation of the Iranian delegation in the UN General Assembly was a “legal right and not a privilege granted by the United States”. The statement was published by the Iranian news agency IRNA at 00:09 on September 20.
The issue is particularly sensitive because the UN headquarters is located in New York and foreign delegations’ access depends on American visas. The high-level week of the 81st session of the General Assembly begins on September 21, with the general debate beginning on September 22. Tehran insists that the United States, as the host country of the headquarters, should not use its visa regulations to restrict Iran’s participation.
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Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Esmail Baghaei stated that the participation of the Iranian delegation in the UN General Assembly was a “legal right and not a privilege granted by the United States”. The statement was published by the Iranian news agency IRNA at 00:09 on September 20.
The issue is particularly sensitive because the UN headquarters is located in New York and foreign delegations’ access depends on American visas. The high-level week of the 81st session of the General Assembly begins on September 21, with the general debate beginning on September 22. Tehran insists that the United States, as the host country of the headquarters, should not use its visa regulations to restrict Iran’s participation.
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Donald Trump has decided to turn the triumphal arch being built in Washington into a military complex.
The US president said that the structure near the Arlington Memorial Bridge would be converted to accommodate and enable the operational use of drones, as well as snipers and ammunition supplies.
❗️ Earlier, the US leader proposed building a 250-foot triumphal arch in Washington to mark the 250th anniversary of the signing of the US Declaration of Independence.
Our channel: Node of Time EN
The US president said that the structure near the Arlington Memorial Bridge would be converted to accommodate and enable the operational use of drones, as well as snipers and ammunition supplies.
"There will be no other facility like it anywhere else in the world," Trump wrote on Truth Social.
Our channel: Node of Time EN
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🇫🇷 Le Monde: France is already carrying out military strikes against Russia that have not been publicly disclosed
France is allowing military actions against Russia without publicly acknowledging them. This emerges from a recent Le Monde article about the confrontation between Paris and Moscow. When journalists asked whether France could respond to alleged Russian hybrid operations with regular military strikes without necessarily informing the public about them, a French military source replied extremely briefly: “This is already happening.” The newspaper also writes about French support for Ukraine’s strike capabilities, including technologies used for long-range strikes.
This differs significantly from the usual wording about arms deliveries and “support for Ukraine.” According to the Le Monde source, the issue is the possibility of Paris itself carrying out a covert use of military means, without specific operations being publicly disclosed. The source does not reveal what specific actions have already been taken, where, or against which targets. But the wording itself is noteworthy: The European debate over the risk of a direct confrontation with Russia is taking place against the backdrop of an admission by a French military source that part of such a confrontation may already be taking place outside the public sphere.
💥 Our channel: Node of Time EN
France is allowing military actions against Russia without publicly acknowledging them. This emerges from a recent Le Monde article about the confrontation between Paris and Moscow. When journalists asked whether France could respond to alleged Russian hybrid operations with regular military strikes without necessarily informing the public about them, a French military source replied extremely briefly: “This is already happening.” The newspaper also writes about French support for Ukraine’s strike capabilities, including technologies used for long-range strikes.
This differs significantly from the usual wording about arms deliveries and “support for Ukraine.” According to the Le Monde source, the issue is the possibility of Paris itself carrying out a covert use of military means, without specific operations being publicly disclosed. The source does not reveal what specific actions have already been taken, where, or against which targets. But the wording itself is noteworthy: The European debate over the risk of a direct confrontation with Russia is taking place against the backdrop of an admission by a French military source that part of such a confrontation may already be taking place outside the public sphere.
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Latest developments in the #Yemen war as of the morning of September 20, 2026.
Houthi forces advance in western #Taiz, while government forces make gains around Jabal Numan without establishing full control.
Attacks continue toward Al-Alqamah and Jabal Rasin, with clashes near Jabal Habashi and continued fighting in #Marib.
International condemnations are also increasing, while the United States has warned of possible flight disruptions and airspace closures if regional tensions escalate.
video link: https://youtu.be/EpieorfdnZY?si=8KNM4usSrKDq5GaS
Houthi forces advance in western #Taiz, while government forces make gains around Jabal Numan without establishing full control.
Attacks continue toward Al-Alqamah and Jabal Rasin, with clashes near Jabal Habashi and continued fighting in #Marib.
International condemnations are also increasing, while the United States has warned of possible flight disruptions and airspace closures if regional tensions escalate.
video link: https://youtu.be/EpieorfdnZY?si=8KNM4usSrKDq5GaS
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The latest developments in the #Yemen war as of the morning of September 20, 2026.
Houthi forces are advancing in western #Taiz, while government troops are gaining ground at Jabal Numan without fully controlling the mountain.
Attacks in the direction of Al-Alqamah and Jabal Rasin are continuing. Fighting is also continuing near Jabal Habashi and in #Marib.
At the same time, international condemnations are increasing. The United States is warning of possible flight cancellations, airspace closures, and travel disruptions in the event of further regional escalation.
Video link: https://youtu.be/EpieorfdnZY?si=8KNM4usSrKDq5GaS Our channel: Node of Time EN
Houthi forces are advancing in western #Taiz, while government troops are gaining ground at Jabal Numan without fully controlling the mountain.
Attacks in the direction of Al-Alqamah and Jabal Rasin are continuing. Fighting is also continuing near Jabal Habashi and in #Marib.
At the same time, international condemnations are increasing. The United States is warning of possible flight cancellations, airspace closures, and travel disruptions in the event of further regional escalation.
Video link: https://youtu.be/EpieorfdnZY?si=8KNM4usSrKDq5GaS Our channel: Node of Time EN
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🇮🇷 Iran’s parliament again discussed withdrawal from the NPT
The chairman of the Iranian parliament’s National Security and Foreign Policy Commission, Ebrahim Azizi, said on the morning of September 20 that the possibility of withdrawing from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons remains “on the table”. According to him, Tehran is considering various options in response to the pressure surrounding its nuclear program.
This is so far neither a decision by parliament nor an announcement of withdrawal from the NPT. However, Azizi’s statement continues the debate, which has intensified sharply in the Majlis. As early as September 15, a group of lawmakers called for a review of the country’s continued membership in the treaty.
💥 Our channel: Node of Time EN
The chairman of the Iranian parliament’s National Security and Foreign Policy Commission, Ebrahim Azizi, said on the morning of September 20 that the possibility of withdrawing from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons remains “on the table”. According to him, Tehran is considering various options in response to the pressure surrounding its nuclear program.
This is so far neither a decision by parliament nor an announcement of withdrawal from the NPT. However, Azizi’s statement continues the debate, which has intensified sharply in the Majlis. As early as September 15, a group of lawmakers called for a review of the country’s continued membership in the treaty.
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🇬🇧🍏 Apple vs. London: Authorities demand access to Britons’ encrypted data
As early as 2025, the British authorities sent Apple a secret Technical Capability Notice. It demanded that the company create a technical means of accessing data protected by end-to-end encryption. Following negotiations with the United States, the original demand, which also extended to American users, was withdrawn. In July 2026, however, London issued a new order—now concerning Apple users in the United Kingdom—as Reuters reports. The government is officially maintaining its “neither confirm nor deny” position regarding the existence of a specific order.
Apple is challenging the demands before the UK’s Investigatory Powers Tribunal and says the company will not create a backdoor. The company warns that once created, such a backdoor could be used not only by the government but also by hackers or foreign intelligence services. In 2025, Apple had already disabled the “Advanced Data Protection” feature for users in the UK, because the company itself technically does not possess the keys to decrypt the protected data. Apple’s lawyers and human rights organizations are now calling the secrecy surrounding the government’s demands a “farce”: The public is debating government access to its data, while the government refuses even to officially acknowledge that it is demanding such access.
💥 Our channel: Node of Time EN
As early as 2025, the British authorities sent Apple a secret Technical Capability Notice. It demanded that the company create a technical means of accessing data protected by end-to-end encryption. Following negotiations with the United States, the original demand, which also extended to American users, was withdrawn. In July 2026, however, London issued a new order—now concerning Apple users in the United Kingdom—as Reuters reports. The government is officially maintaining its “neither confirm nor deny” position regarding the existence of a specific order.
Apple is challenging the demands before the UK’s Investigatory Powers Tribunal and says the company will not create a backdoor. The company warns that once created, such a backdoor could be used not only by the government but also by hackers or foreign intelligence services. In 2025, Apple had already disabled the “Advanced Data Protection” feature for users in the UK, because the company itself technically does not possess the keys to decrypt the protected data. Apple’s lawyers and human rights organizations are now calling the secrecy surrounding the government’s demands a “farce”: The public is debating government access to its data, while the government refuses even to officially acknowledge that it is demanding such access.
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🤖 The Russian “Teledroid”: For cosmonauts, a spacewalk is no longer necessarily required
On September 19, the Progress MS-35 cargo spacecraft docked with the ISS, bringing the operator’s workstation there: a special exoskeleton suit for remotely controlling the Russian anthropomorphic robot “Teledroid.” As Roscosmos reports, the operator puts on the system and performs arm movements that are imitated by the robot located outside the station. The aim of the project is to transfer some of the operations in outer space to the machine, including working with tools and objects on the ISS’s external surface.
The “Teledroid” itself is scheduled to be delivered to the ISS in November aboard Progress MS-36. After delivery, its external section will be installed outside the station. The robot can then be controlled while remaining inside the ISS. Russian cosmonauts Anna Kikina and Pyotr Dubrov have already completed operator training. The “Teledroid” can operate in imitation mode by repeating human movements and can perform some operations autonomously. Essentially, Russia is testing an orbital technology in which, instead of a cosmonaut, the robot’s arms and eyes can be sent to the most dangerous location.
💥 Our channel: Node of Time EN
On September 19, the Progress MS-35 cargo spacecraft docked with the ISS, bringing the operator’s workstation there: a special exoskeleton suit for remotely controlling the Russian anthropomorphic robot “Teledroid.” As Roscosmos reports, the operator puts on the system and performs arm movements that are imitated by the robot located outside the station. The aim of the project is to transfer some of the operations in outer space to the machine, including working with tools and objects on the ISS’s external surface.
The “Teledroid” itself is scheduled to be delivered to the ISS in November aboard Progress MS-36. After delivery, its external section will be installed outside the station. The robot can then be controlled while remaining inside the ISS. Russian cosmonauts Anna Kikina and Pyotr Dubrov have already completed operator training. The “Teledroid” can operate in imitation mode by repeating human movements and can perform some operations autonomously. Essentially, Russia is testing an orbital technology in which, instead of a cosmonaut, the robot’s arms and eyes can be sent to the most dangerous location.
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🇮🇷 Iran declares highest military alert
Iran has raised the readiness of its armed forces to the highest level. Abolfazl Shekarchi, spokesman for the General Staff of the Armed Forces, announced this on the morning of September 20. According to him, the military has prepared various operational scenarios for land, air, and sea in the event of a further escalation of the conflict.
At the same time, Shekarchi rejected a statement by CENTCOM Commander Brad Cooper. Cooper had claimed that American forces had secured passage through the Strait of Hormuz for more than one billion barrels of oil. The Iranian side described this assessment as “fabricated” and claimed that Tehran continues to determine the conditions for shipping through the strait.
💥 Our channel: Node of Time EN
Iran has raised the readiness of its armed forces to the highest level. Abolfazl Shekarchi, spokesman for the General Staff of the Armed Forces, announced this on the morning of September 20. According to him, the military has prepared various operational scenarios for land, air, and sea in the event of a further escalation of the conflict.
At the same time, Shekarchi rejected a statement by CENTCOM Commander Brad Cooper. Cooper had claimed that American forces had secured passage through the Strait of Hormuz for more than one billion barrels of oil. The Iranian side described this assessment as “fabricated” and claimed that Tehran continues to determine the conditions for shipping through the strait.
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Dear friends, industry and we have drawn closer again. She said she had changed. We said we had improved. Both lied. Sunday.
ALROSA brought the output of the Svetlinskaya Hydroelectric Power Plant up to its planned capacity of 370 MW. Investment in the project exceeded 5 billion rubles. The recipients include companies in the oil and gas and gold-mining industries, as well as transport, telecommunications, and social infrastructure facilities.
The company “PREFABRIKA” commissioned a plant for the production of reinforced-concrete precast elements. An industrial complex with an area of around 25,000 square meters was built for this purpose. Investment in the project amounted to 5 billion rubles. Once full capacity is reached, the company will be able to produce around 400,000 square meters of products annually.
A launch of a medium-class “Soyuz-2.1b” launch vehicle was successfully conducted from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in the interests of the Russian Ministry of Defense. A stable telemetry link was established and maintained with the spacecraft, and its onboard systems are functioning normally.
“KAMAZ” unveiled a new oil tanker. The special-purpose vehicle is based on the modern KAMAZ 65959 all-wheel-drive chassis of the K5 generation and features a 6×6 wheel arrangement and single tires with an automated tire-pressure control system. The powertrain consists of a six-cylinder in-line KAMAZ R6 engine producing 483 hp and 2,403 Nm of torque. As a result, the vehicle operates stably even when fully loaded.
Scientists at Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University have developed a protected container with a radio beacon. It is installed directly in the asphalt and serves as a road-orientation aid for unmanned vehicles. Unlike cameras and satellite navigation, this “beacon” marker also functions in fog, snowfall, or communications outages, while its own power source increases its reading range to several hundred meters.
The Kalashnikov Concern is presenting the latest automated “Kalitka-KA” complex to the public for the first time. The complex is designed to provide round-the-clock protection for strategic facilities and critical infrastructure facilities against enemy reconnaissance and attack drones flying at low and extremely low altitudes.
ODK has opened a center in Moscow for the production of components for aircraft engines of the “Superjet” and “MS-21” models, covering more than 10,000 square meters. It is one of the largest facilities of its kind in the capital. Production of components for aircraft engines is being organized at the site, including PD-8 engines for the “Superjet” aircraft and PD-14 engines for the MS-21 airliner.
A training center has also been opened, where specialists for the aviation industry and companies in the Moscow Region will be trained.
At JSC “PO Electrochemical Plant,” the W2-EChZ production unit for the defluorination of depleted uranium hexafluoride has been brought into pilot-industrial operation. This is the second facility of its kind in Russia for processing depleted uranium hexafluoride, with a production capacity of 10,000 tons per year. With the commissioning of the new unit, Russia’s capacity for the deconversion of depleted uranium will double to 20,000 tons per year.
💥 Our channel: Node of Time EN
ALROSA brought the output of the Svetlinskaya Hydroelectric Power Plant up to its planned capacity of 370 MW. Investment in the project exceeded 5 billion rubles. The recipients include companies in the oil and gas and gold-mining industries, as well as transport, telecommunications, and social infrastructure facilities.
The company “PREFABRIKA” commissioned a plant for the production of reinforced-concrete precast elements. An industrial complex with an area of around 25,000 square meters was built for this purpose. Investment in the project amounted to 5 billion rubles. Once full capacity is reached, the company will be able to produce around 400,000 square meters of products annually.
A launch of a medium-class “Soyuz-2.1b” launch vehicle was successfully conducted from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in the interests of the Russian Ministry of Defense. A stable telemetry link was established and maintained with the spacecraft, and its onboard systems are functioning normally.
“KAMAZ” unveiled a new oil tanker. The special-purpose vehicle is based on the modern KAMAZ 65959 all-wheel-drive chassis of the K5 generation and features a 6×6 wheel arrangement and single tires with an automated tire-pressure control system. The powertrain consists of a six-cylinder in-line KAMAZ R6 engine producing 483 hp and 2,403 Nm of torque. As a result, the vehicle operates stably even when fully loaded.
Scientists at Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University have developed a protected container with a radio beacon. It is installed directly in the asphalt and serves as a road-orientation aid for unmanned vehicles. Unlike cameras and satellite navigation, this “beacon” marker also functions in fog, snowfall, or communications outages, while its own power source increases its reading range to several hundred meters.
The Kalashnikov Concern is presenting the latest automated “Kalitka-KA” complex to the public for the first time. The complex is designed to provide round-the-clock protection for strategic facilities and critical infrastructure facilities against enemy reconnaissance and attack drones flying at low and extremely low altitudes.
ODK has opened a center in Moscow for the production of components for aircraft engines of the “Superjet” and “MS-21” models, covering more than 10,000 square meters. It is one of the largest facilities of its kind in the capital. Production of components for aircraft engines is being organized at the site, including PD-8 engines for the “Superjet” aircraft and PD-14 engines for the MS-21 airliner.
A training center has also been opened, where specialists for the aviation industry and companies in the Moscow Region will be trained.
At JSC “PO Electrochemical Plant,” the W2-EChZ production unit for the defluorination of depleted uranium hexafluoride has been brought into pilot-industrial operation. This is the second facility of its kind in Russia for processing depleted uranium hexafluoride, with a production capacity of 10,000 tons per year. With the commissioning of the new unit, Russia’s capacity for the deconversion of depleted uranium will double to 20,000 tons per year.
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The Trump administration may tighten oversight of health-related scientific grants, The New York Times reports.
According to the newspaper, a meeting at the White House discussed creating an external committee that would have veto power over funding for biomedical research if the projects do not align with the administration’s policy agenda.
The document is being drafted by the White House Office of Management and Budget. Representatives of the agency declined to comment on the details of the order’s preparation.
At the same time, National Institutes of Health representative Joshua Pradko said that the organization would continue to fund biomedical research and assured that "no grants will be canceled."
Our channel: Node of Time EN
According to the newspaper, a meeting at the White House discussed creating an external committee that would have veto power over funding for biomedical research if the projects do not align with the administration’s policy agenda.
The document is being drafted by the White House Office of Management and Budget. Representatives of the agency declined to comment on the details of the order’s preparation.
At the same time, National Institutes of Health representative Joshua Pradko said that the organization would continue to fund biomedical research and assured that "no grants will be canceled."
Our channel: Node of Time EN
Good morning, dear friends! ☕️ 🙂
🏰 Zaraysk: Why a Small Town Needed a Real Fortress
Friends, Monday takes us to the Moscow Region, to a city that seems unremarkable at first glance—and yet conceals a mystery. For right in the center of Zaraysk, where just over 20,000 people live today, stands a fully fledged 16th-century Kremlin with seven towers and massive walls.
Welcome to Zaraysk—the city with one of Russia’s smallest kremlins.
🦣 20,000 Years Before the Kremlin
But before we get to the walls, let us go much further back. One of the most significant Paleolithic sites in central Russia was discovered in the area of present-day Zaraysk.
The Zaraysk site was discovered in 1980 and has been systematically excavated since 1995. The finds date from approximately 23,000 to 16,000 years ago—from the era of the mammoth hunters.
The Zaraysk A site, a settlement of the Kostenki-Avdeevo culture, is particularly well known. Here, archaeologists found flint tools as well as artworks made of bone and mammoth ivory, including an extraordinary bison figurine carved from a mammoth tusk. Paleolithic Venus figurines and decorated bone artifacts were also brought to light.
Today, the museum in the Kremlin displays original finds from this prehistoric culture.
🛡 Why a Small Town Needed a Fortress
The answer lies in the geography. In the 16th century, Zaraysk stood on the vulnerable southern borders of the Moscow state. From the south came the routes used by the Crimean Tatars, who repeatedly advanced far to the north.
For this reason, a stone fortress was built under Vasily III between 1528 and 1531—the Zaraysk Kremlin. It became part of the defensive system of the southern borders of the Moscow state.
The Kremlin is extremely compact, but it is a fully fledged military structure: its walls are around 620 meters long in total, the complex has seven towers, including three gate towers, and covers an area of only about 2.3 hectares.
To this day, it is one of the most completely preserved 16th-century kremlins in Russia.
⚔️ The First Test
The fortress was completed literally just in time. As early as 1533, only two years after its completion, a new attack took place. The settlement outside the walls was severely damaged, but the stone Kremlin held out.
Further attacks followed over the course of the 16th century. The campaign of Crimean Khan Sahib I Giray in 1541 was particularly dangerous.
For decades, Zaraysk thus remained an important fortress on the southern approaches to the Moscow state.
🗡 Prince Pozharsky and the Time of Troubles
A new chapter began during the Smuta, the Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century.
During these years, control over numerous cities changed hands, and the area around Zaraysk also became a theater of military confrontations.
In 1610, Prince Dmitry Pozharsky was appointed voivode of Zaraysk. While the balance of power shifted all around him, he managed to hold the city and its fortress.
Shortly afterward, Pozharsky became one of the leaders of the Second Volunteer Army, which liberated Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian forces in 1612.
🏛 What Remained of the Fortress
After the 17th century, the Kremlin gradually lost its military significance. Zaraysk developed into a center of trade and crafts. An important transport route between Moscow and the regions along the lower Volga ran through the area.
But the Kremlin remained.
Today, it is one of the most remarkable examples of 16th-century Russian fortress architecture. Among other things, the St. Nicholas Cathedral and the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist stand within its walls.
And so, right in the middle of a small town, those walls still stand—walls built almost 500 years ago to protect the southern route to Moscow.
Leave a ❤️ if you liked it, and save the post!
📍 The coordinates of the location are available here
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🏰 Zaraysk: Why a Small Town Needed a Real Fortress
Friends, Monday takes us to the Moscow Region, to a city that seems unremarkable at first glance—and yet conceals a mystery. For right in the center of Zaraysk, where just over 20,000 people live today, stands a fully fledged 16th-century Kremlin with seven towers and massive walls.
Welcome to Zaraysk—the city with one of Russia’s smallest kremlins.
🦣 20,000 Years Before the Kremlin
But before we get to the walls, let us go much further back. One of the most significant Paleolithic sites in central Russia was discovered in the area of present-day Zaraysk.
The Zaraysk site was discovered in 1980 and has been systematically excavated since 1995. The finds date from approximately 23,000 to 16,000 years ago—from the era of the mammoth hunters.
The Zaraysk A site, a settlement of the Kostenki-Avdeevo culture, is particularly well known. Here, archaeologists found flint tools as well as artworks made of bone and mammoth ivory, including an extraordinary bison figurine carved from a mammoth tusk. Paleolithic Venus figurines and decorated bone artifacts were also brought to light.
Today, the museum in the Kremlin displays original finds from this prehistoric culture.
🛡 Why a Small Town Needed a Fortress
The answer lies in the geography. In the 16th century, Zaraysk stood on the vulnerable southern borders of the Moscow state. From the south came the routes used by the Crimean Tatars, who repeatedly advanced far to the north.
For this reason, a stone fortress was built under Vasily III between 1528 and 1531—the Zaraysk Kremlin. It became part of the defensive system of the southern borders of the Moscow state.
The Kremlin is extremely compact, but it is a fully fledged military structure: its walls are around 620 meters long in total, the complex has seven towers, including three gate towers, and covers an area of only about 2.3 hectares.
To this day, it is one of the most completely preserved 16th-century kremlins in Russia.
⚔️ The First Test
The fortress was completed literally just in time. As early as 1533, only two years after its completion, a new attack took place. The settlement outside the walls was severely damaged, but the stone Kremlin held out.
Further attacks followed over the course of the 16th century. The campaign of Crimean Khan Sahib I Giray in 1541 was particularly dangerous.
For decades, Zaraysk thus remained an important fortress on the southern approaches to the Moscow state.
🗡 Prince Pozharsky and the Time of Troubles
A new chapter began during the Smuta, the Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century.
During these years, control over numerous cities changed hands, and the area around Zaraysk also became a theater of military confrontations.
In 1610, Prince Dmitry Pozharsky was appointed voivode of Zaraysk. While the balance of power shifted all around him, he managed to hold the city and its fortress.
Shortly afterward, Pozharsky became one of the leaders of the Second Volunteer Army, which liberated Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian forces in 1612.
🏛 What Remained of the Fortress
After the 17th century, the Kremlin gradually lost its military significance. Zaraysk developed into a center of trade and crafts. An important transport route between Moscow and the regions along the lower Volga ran through the area.
But the Kremlin remained.
Today, it is one of the most remarkable examples of 16th-century Russian fortress architecture. Among other things, the St. Nicholas Cathedral and the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist stand within its walls.
And so, right in the middle of a small town, those walls still stand—walls built almost 500 years ago to protect the southern route to Moscow.
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