Horizontal devolution among states

XVI Recommendations (1st April 2026- 31st March 2031)

Finance Commission recommends two kinds of transfers.

1. Vertical Devolution which has been maintained at the same level of 41% of the Divisible Pool (Central Taxes excluding few items)

2. Grants-in-Aid. XVI has recommended only two types of Grants: (i) Local Body Grants and (ii) Disaster Management Grants

XV had recommended Five types of grants viz. Local body grants, Disaster management Grants, Revenue Deficit grants, Sector Specific grants and State specific grants.

Regarding Horizontal Distribution (how 41% of the revenue will be decided among states), there are certain changes. A new parameter 'Contribution to GDP' has been added and 'Tax and fiscal efforts' parameter has been removed and there are certain changes in weight. Pls see below figures.

DPIIT has revised the definition of Startups where it has increased the Turnover/Annual sales to 'Rs. 200 crores'

It has also provided a new definition of 'Deep Tech Startup' till 20 years of incorporation and Turnover up till Rs. 300 crores.

first Geothermal Energy Production Site
भारत का पहला भूगर्भीय ऊर्जा उत्पादन सेंटर पुंगा वैली (Punga valley) लद्दाख।
Other locations
Sohana
Tattapani
Tawa
Ganeshpuri
Rajapur
Tulsi shyam
Manikarna

Global Warming Potential of Green house Gases
Decreasing order

SF6> PFC > HFC > N2O > CH4> CO2

PFCs are longest living gases and Methan (CH4) is shortest

ब्रिटिश कालीन जमीन सुधार settlements

1. Permanent settlement - Thomas mumro 1793, bengal bihar odisa
2. Ryotwari system - Bombay and madras -1820
3. Mahalwari System - NW Provinces, Punjab and Central india ,

Amazon Rainforest
(Lungs 🫁 of Earth 🌎)
Note : Uruguay, Paraguay,Chile and Argentina are Not Part of Amazon Rainforest.

इजरायल तथा इसके पड़ोसी मुल्क
Land boundry with
1. Lebanon
2. Syria
3. Jordan
4. Egypt

Water boundry with
1. Mediterranean sea
2. Red sea connected through "Gulf of Aqaba"

विवादित क्षेत्र :
1. Gaza strip (in west)
2. West bank (in east)
3. Golan Hights(in north with syria.
A lake Tiberia and dead sea also located in israel

Brazil shares borders with all the South American countries except: Ecuador and Chile.

ONLY two countries landlocked in South American continent 1. Bolivia 2. Paraguay

आने वाली Competitive परीक्षाओं हेतु महत्वपूर्ण 👆