★ ONE WORD SUBSTITUTION
» Study of blood - HAEMATOLOGY
» Study of liver - HEPATOLOGY
» Study of fungi - MYCOLOGY
» Study of algae - PHYCOLOGY
» Study of virus - VIROLOGY
» Study of kidney - NEPHROLOGY
» Study of cancer - ONCOLOGY
» Study of universe - COSMOSLOGY
» Study of fruits - POMOLOGY
» Study of birds - ORNITHOLOGY
» Study of bones - OSTEOLOGY
» Study of egg - OOLOGY
» Study of hair - TRICHOLOGY
» Study of eyes - OPTHALMOLOGY
» Study of soil - PEDOLOGY
» Study of languages - PHILOLOGY
» Study of brain - ENCEPHILOLOGY
» Study of nails - COSMETOLOGY
» Study of cell - CYTOLOGY
» Study of tissues - HISTOLOGY
» Study of air - AEROLOGY
» Study of earth - GEOLOGY
» Study of fish - ICHTHYOLOGY
» Study of insects - ENTHOMOLOGY
» Study of hearts - CARDIOLOGY
» Study of the skin - DERMATOLOGY
» Study of blood - HAEMATOLOGY
» Study of liver - HEPATOLOGY
» Study of fungi - MYCOLOGY
» Study of algae - PHYCOLOGY
» Study of virus - VIROLOGY
» Study of kidney - NEPHROLOGY
» Study of cancer - ONCOLOGY
» Study of universe - COSMOSLOGY
» Study of fruits - POMOLOGY
» Study of birds - ORNITHOLOGY
» Study of bones - OSTEOLOGY
» Study of egg - OOLOGY
» Study of hair - TRICHOLOGY
» Study of eyes - OPTHALMOLOGY
» Study of soil - PEDOLOGY
» Study of languages - PHILOLOGY
» Study of brain - ENCEPHILOLOGY
» Study of nails - COSMETOLOGY
» Study of cell - CYTOLOGY
» Study of tissues - HISTOLOGY
» Study of air - AEROLOGY
» Study of earth - GEOLOGY
» Study of fish - ICHTHYOLOGY
» Study of insects - ENTHOMOLOGY
» Study of hearts - CARDIOLOGY
» Study of the skin - DERMATOLOGY
Various forms and function of essential nutrients-
Nitrogen- required by plants in greatest amount, it is absorbed by plants as NO2–, NO3– and NH4+ . It is one of the major constituent of proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins.
Phosphorus- Absorbed by plants from soil in the form of phosphate ions. It is the constituent of cell membrane. All nucleic acids and nucleotides require phosphorus.
Potassium – absorbed as potassium ions (K+). Help to maintain cation-anion balance in cells. It is involved in protein synthesis, opening and closing of stomata.
Calcium – absorbed by plants from soil in form of Calcium ions (Ca2+). Used in synthesis of cell wall. It activates certain enzymes.
Magnesium- absorbed by plants in form of Mg2+ ions. It activates the enzymes for respiration, photosynthesis, and involved in synthesis of DNA and RNA. It is constituent of chlorophyll.
Sulphur- plants obtain sulphur in form of sulphate (SO42-). Present in amino acids (cysteine, methionine) and is main constituent of coenzymes and vitamins.
Iron- obtained in the form of ferric iron (Fe3+). It is important constituent of protein involved in transport system.
Manganese-absorbed in form of Mn2+ ions. Main function is splitting of water to liberate Hydrogen and Oxygen during photosynthesis.
Zinc-obtained as Zn2+ ions. Activate enzymes like carboxylases. Needed in formation of Auxin.
Copper –absorbed as cupric ions(Cu2+). Involved in various metabolic activities and redox reactions.
Boron-absorbed as BO33- or B4O72- ions. Required for uptake of calcium, cell elongation and pollen germination.
Chlorine – it is absorbed in form of Cl– ions. Determine the solute concentration and splitting of water during photosynthesis
Nitrogen- required by plants in greatest amount, it is absorbed by plants as NO2–, NO3– and NH4+ . It is one of the major constituent of proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins.
Phosphorus- Absorbed by plants from soil in the form of phosphate ions. It is the constituent of cell membrane. All nucleic acids and nucleotides require phosphorus.
Potassium – absorbed as potassium ions (K+). Help to maintain cation-anion balance in cells. It is involved in protein synthesis, opening and closing of stomata.
Calcium – absorbed by plants from soil in form of Calcium ions (Ca2+). Used in synthesis of cell wall. It activates certain enzymes.
Magnesium- absorbed by plants in form of Mg2+ ions. It activates the enzymes for respiration, photosynthesis, and involved in synthesis of DNA and RNA. It is constituent of chlorophyll.
Sulphur- plants obtain sulphur in form of sulphate (SO42-). Present in amino acids (cysteine, methionine) and is main constituent of coenzymes and vitamins.
Iron- obtained in the form of ferric iron (Fe3+). It is important constituent of protein involved in transport system.
Manganese-absorbed in form of Mn2+ ions. Main function is splitting of water to liberate Hydrogen and Oxygen during photosynthesis.
Zinc-obtained as Zn2+ ions. Activate enzymes like carboxylases. Needed in formation of Auxin.
Copper –absorbed as cupric ions(Cu2+). Involved in various metabolic activities and redox reactions.
Boron-absorbed as BO33- or B4O72- ions. Required for uptake of calcium, cell elongation and pollen germination.
Chlorine – it is absorbed in form of Cl– ions. Determine the solute concentration and splitting of water during photosynthesis
🔰 Role of nutrients and their deficiency Symptoms 🔰
#Nitrogen
▪️Impart green colour to plant encourages vegetative growth
▪️ Nitrogen is essential constituent of protein
▪️ Constituent of Protoplasm of chlorophyll and coenzyme.
▪️ Play important role in
synthesis of auxin
#Deficiency
▪️ Lower leaves become yellow and dries.
▪️V shaped chlorosis on older leaves or yellowing at tip.
#Disease
▪️Starvation disease due to nitrogen deficiency.
▪️Buttoning in cauliflower.
#Phosphorous
▪️Increase the disease resistance.
▪️ Enhance new cell formation and necessary for root development.
▪️Required for grain formation and maturity of grains.
▪️Phosphorus is essential constituent for nucleic acid and phytin.
▪️Most essential functions are energy storage and transfer energy act as "energy currency".
#Deficiency
▪️Due to deficiency of single element the life cycle of plant can't be completed hence (Agricultureexamslibrary) Phosphorus is called " key of life "
▪️Deficiency imparts dark green colour in leaves.
▪️Later develops red purple colourration.
#Disease
▪️Sickle leaf diseases.
#Potassium
▪️Most essential function of K+ is stomata regulation.
▪️Provides disease resistance in plants.
▪️Cofactor for enzymes.
▪️Formation and translocation of Sugars.
▪️Helps in chlorophyll formation.
#Deficiency
▪️Spot of dead tissue at tips.
▪️Scorching and burning on margins of autumn leaves.
#Disease
▪️Rottle/ dieback disease.
#Calcium
▪️ It is constituent of cell wall
▪️ Calcium is a mobile in plants and deficiency symptoms appear on Meristem tip portion.
# Deficiency
▪️ Terminal bud die
#Disease
▪️Tip hooking.
▪️ Blossom end rot of tomato(BER).
▪️Popping in groundnut.
#Magnesium
▪️ Essential constituent of chlorophyll.
▪️ Magnesium is a constituent of chlorophyll.
▪️Chlorosis between veins.
#Disease
▪️Sand -drown disease of tobacco.
#Sulphur
▪️ Sulphur oxidizing Bacteria is Thiobacillus.
▪️Sulphur is essential for oil seed and pulses because it improves oil content and protein content in oil seeds and pulses, respectively.
#Disease
▪️Akiochi disease of rice due to Excess of hydrogen sulphide.
▪️Tea yellow disease of tea.
#Iron
▪️Fe is the component of nitrate reductase.
▪️Required for nitrogen fixation.
▪️During respiration act as O2 carrier.
#Deficiency
▪️Interveinal complete chlorosis.
▪️Scorching of leaf margin.
▪️Yellowing of iron chlorosis in groundnut.
#Manganese
▪️Formation of chlorophyll.
▪️Co-factor of enzyme.
▪️Mn toxicity causes crinckle leaf of cotton.
#Deficiency
▪️Dead spot on leaves.
#Desease
▪️Marsh spot of pea.
▪️Pahala blight of sugarcane.
#Copper
▪️Compound of plastocyanin.
▪️Essential for photosynthesis/ respiration.Agriexams library
▪️Dieback and reclamation disease of cereals.
#Boron
▪️ Necessary for Pollen germination.
▪️Boron is the only non-metal element among the micronutrient.
▪️It is necessary for translocation of Sugars and is involved in reproduction and germination of pollen.
#Disease : due to deficiency
▪️Browning of cauliflower is caused by Boron deficiency.
▪️Top sickness of tobacco.
▪️Fruit cracking of tomato.
▪️Hard fruit of citrus.
▪️Hen and chick disease of grape.
#Zinc
▪️In plants it is required for biosynthesis of hormones.
▪️Zn deficiency causes-
-White bud of maize.
-Khaira disease of rice.
-Little leaf of cotton.
-Mottled leaf of citrus.
-Rosette formation.
#Cobalt
▪️It is component of Vitamin B
▪️It is essential for formation of type of hemoglobin in N-fixing nodule tissue known as leghaemogloin.
▪️Act as O2 carrier in roots.
▪️Also known as animal protein factor.
#Molybdenum
▪️Mo: absorbed as molybdate MoO4-2 forms.
▪️Mo is important component of enzyme: Nitrate reductage.
▪️N-fixation in pulses.
▪️Whiptail of cauliflower is due to deficiency of Mo.
▪️Mo is required for carrot & raphanus for sweetness.
#Nitrogen
▪️Impart green colour to plant encourages vegetative growth
▪️ Nitrogen is essential constituent of protein
▪️ Constituent of Protoplasm of chlorophyll and coenzyme.
▪️ Play important role in
synthesis of auxin
#Deficiency
▪️ Lower leaves become yellow and dries.
▪️V shaped chlorosis on older leaves or yellowing at tip.
#Disease
▪️Starvation disease due to nitrogen deficiency.
▪️Buttoning in cauliflower.
#Phosphorous
▪️Increase the disease resistance.
▪️ Enhance new cell formation and necessary for root development.
▪️Required for grain formation and maturity of grains.
▪️Phosphorus is essential constituent for nucleic acid and phytin.
▪️Most essential functions are energy storage and transfer energy act as "energy currency".
#Deficiency
▪️Due to deficiency of single element the life cycle of plant can't be completed hence (Agricultureexamslibrary) Phosphorus is called " key of life "
▪️Deficiency imparts dark green colour in leaves.
▪️Later develops red purple colourration.
#Disease
▪️Sickle leaf diseases.
#Potassium
▪️Most essential function of K+ is stomata regulation.
▪️Provides disease resistance in plants.
▪️Cofactor for enzymes.
▪️Formation and translocation of Sugars.
▪️Helps in chlorophyll formation.
#Deficiency
▪️Spot of dead tissue at tips.
▪️Scorching and burning on margins of autumn leaves.
#Disease
▪️Rottle/ dieback disease.
#Calcium
▪️ It is constituent of cell wall
▪️ Calcium is a mobile in plants and deficiency symptoms appear on Meristem tip portion.
# Deficiency
▪️ Terminal bud die
#Disease
▪️Tip hooking.
▪️ Blossom end rot of tomato(BER).
▪️Popping in groundnut.
#Magnesium
▪️ Essential constituent of chlorophyll.
▪️ Magnesium is a constituent of chlorophyll.
▪️Chlorosis between veins.
#Disease
▪️Sand -drown disease of tobacco.
#Sulphur
▪️ Sulphur oxidizing Bacteria is Thiobacillus.
▪️Sulphur is essential for oil seed and pulses because it improves oil content and protein content in oil seeds and pulses, respectively.
#Disease
▪️Akiochi disease of rice due to Excess of hydrogen sulphide.
▪️Tea yellow disease of tea.
#Iron
▪️Fe is the component of nitrate reductase.
▪️Required for nitrogen fixation.
▪️During respiration act as O2 carrier.
#Deficiency
▪️Interveinal complete chlorosis.
▪️Scorching of leaf margin.
▪️Yellowing of iron chlorosis in groundnut.
#Manganese
▪️Formation of chlorophyll.
▪️Co-factor of enzyme.
▪️Mn toxicity causes crinckle leaf of cotton.
#Deficiency
▪️Dead spot on leaves.
#Desease
▪️Marsh spot of pea.
▪️Pahala blight of sugarcane.
#Copper
▪️Compound of plastocyanin.
▪️Essential for photosynthesis/ respiration.Agriexams library
▪️Dieback and reclamation disease of cereals.
#Boron
▪️ Necessary for Pollen germination.
▪️Boron is the only non-metal element among the micronutrient.
▪️It is necessary for translocation of Sugars and is involved in reproduction and germination of pollen.
#Disease : due to deficiency
▪️Browning of cauliflower is caused by Boron deficiency.
▪️Top sickness of tobacco.
▪️Fruit cracking of tomato.
▪️Hard fruit of citrus.
▪️Hen and chick disease of grape.
#Zinc
▪️In plants it is required for biosynthesis of hormones.
▪️Zn deficiency causes-
-White bud of maize.
-Khaira disease of rice.
-Little leaf of cotton.
-Mottled leaf of citrus.
-Rosette formation.
#Cobalt
▪️It is component of Vitamin B
▪️It is essential for formation of type of hemoglobin in N-fixing nodule tissue known as leghaemogloin.
▪️Act as O2 carrier in roots.
▪️Also known as animal protein factor.
#Molybdenum
▪️Mo: absorbed as molybdate MoO4-2 forms.
▪️Mo is important component of enzyme: Nitrate reductage.
▪️N-fixation in pulses.
▪️Whiptail of cauliflower is due to deficiency of Mo.
▪️Mo is required for carrot & raphanus for sweetness.
💉🩸 𝙁𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙪𝙩 𝘽𝙡𝙤𝙤𝙙 🩸💉
🩸1. More than 4.5 𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙥𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙨 need blood transfusions each year in the U.S. and Canada.
🩸2. 43,000 pints: amount of donated blood used each day in the 𝙐.𝙎 and 𝘾𝙖𝙣𝙖𝙙𝙖.
🩸3. Someone needs blood every two seconds.
🩸4. Only 37 percent of the U.S. population is eligible to donate blood – less than 10 percent do annually**.
🩸5. About 1 in 7 people entering a 𝙝𝙤𝙨𝙥𝙞𝙩𝙖𝙡 need blood.
🩸6. One pint of blood can save up to 𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙚𝙚 lives.
🩸7. 𝙃𝙚𝙖𝙡𝙩𝙝𝙮 𝙖𝙙𝙪𝙡𝙩𝙨 who are at least 17 years old, and at least 110 pounds may donate about a pint of blood—the most common form of donation—every 56 days, or every two months. 𝙁𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙡𝙚𝙨 receive 53 percent of blood transfusions; males receive 47 percent.
🩸8. 94 percent of blood donors are registered voters.
🩸9. Four main 𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝙗𝙡𝙤𝙤𝙙 𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙮𝙥𝙚𝙨: A, B, AB and O.
Each can be 𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 or 𝙣𝙚𝙜𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 for the Rh factor.
AB is the 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙘𝙞𝙥𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙩;
O negative is the universal 𝙙𝙤𝙣𝙤𝙧 of red blood cells.
🩸10. 𝘿𝙧. 𝙆𝙖𝙧𝙡 𝙇𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙧 first identified the major human blood groups – A, B, AB and O – in 1901.
🩸11. One unit of blood can be separated into several 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙤𝙣𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙨: red blood cells, plasma, platelets and cryoprecipitate.
🩸12. Red blood cells carry 𝙤𝙭𝙮𝙜𝙚𝙣 to the body’s 𝙤𝙧𝙜𝙖𝙣𝙨 and𝙩𝙞𝙨𝙨𝙪𝙚s.
🩸13. Red blood cells live about 120 𝙙𝙖𝙮𝙨 in the circulatory system.
🩸14. Platelets promote 𝙗𝙡𝙤𝙤𝙙 𝙘𝙡𝙤𝙩𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 and give those with leukemia and other cancers a chance to live.
🩸15. 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙢𝙖 is a pale yellow mixture of water, proteins and salts.
🩸16. 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙢𝙖, which is 90 percent water, makes up 55 percent of blood volume.
🩸17. Healthy 𝙗𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙢𝙖𝙧𝙧𝙤𝙬 makes a constant supply of red cells, plasma and platelets.
🩸18. Blood or plasma that comes from people who have been paid for it cannot be used to 𝙝𝙪𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙨𝙛𝙪𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙣.
🩸19. 𝙂𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙤𝙘𝙮𝙩𝙚𝙨, a type of white blood cell, roll along blood vessel walls in search of 𝙗𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙖 to 𝙚𝙣𝙜𝙪𝙡𝙛 and 𝙙𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙤𝙮.
🩸20. 𝙒𝙝𝙞𝙩𝙚 𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙨 are the body’s primary 𝙙𝙚𝙛𝙚𝙣𝙨𝙚 𝙖𝙜𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙨𝙩 𝙞𝙣𝙛𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣
🩸1. More than 4.5 𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙥𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙨 need blood transfusions each year in the U.S. and Canada.
🩸2. 43,000 pints: amount of donated blood used each day in the 𝙐.𝙎 and 𝘾𝙖𝙣𝙖𝙙𝙖.
🩸3. Someone needs blood every two seconds.
🩸4. Only 37 percent of the U.S. population is eligible to donate blood – less than 10 percent do annually**.
🩸5. About 1 in 7 people entering a 𝙝𝙤𝙨𝙥𝙞𝙩𝙖𝙡 need blood.
🩸6. One pint of blood can save up to 𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙚𝙚 lives.
🩸7. 𝙃𝙚𝙖𝙡𝙩𝙝𝙮 𝙖𝙙𝙪𝙡𝙩𝙨 who are at least 17 years old, and at least 110 pounds may donate about a pint of blood—the most common form of donation—every 56 days, or every two months. 𝙁𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙡𝙚𝙨 receive 53 percent of blood transfusions; males receive 47 percent.
🩸8. 94 percent of blood donors are registered voters.
🩸9. Four main 𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝙗𝙡𝙤𝙤𝙙 𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙮𝙥𝙚𝙨: A, B, AB and O.
Each can be 𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 or 𝙣𝙚𝙜𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 for the Rh factor.
AB is the 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙘𝙞𝙥𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙩;
O negative is the universal 𝙙𝙤𝙣𝙤𝙧 of red blood cells.
🩸10. 𝘿𝙧. 𝙆𝙖𝙧𝙡 𝙇𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙧 first identified the major human blood groups – A, B, AB and O – in 1901.
🩸11. One unit of blood can be separated into several 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙤𝙣𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙨: red blood cells, plasma, platelets and cryoprecipitate.
🩸12. Red blood cells carry 𝙤𝙭𝙮𝙜𝙚𝙣 to the body’s 𝙤𝙧𝙜𝙖𝙣𝙨 and𝙩𝙞𝙨𝙨𝙪𝙚s.
🩸13. Red blood cells live about 120 𝙙𝙖𝙮𝙨 in the circulatory system.
🩸14. Platelets promote 𝙗𝙡𝙤𝙤𝙙 𝙘𝙡𝙤𝙩𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 and give those with leukemia and other cancers a chance to live.
🩸15. 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙢𝙖 is a pale yellow mixture of water, proteins and salts.
🩸16. 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙢𝙖, which is 90 percent water, makes up 55 percent of blood volume.
🩸17. Healthy 𝙗𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙢𝙖𝙧𝙧𝙤𝙬 makes a constant supply of red cells, plasma and platelets.
🩸18. Blood or plasma that comes from people who have been paid for it cannot be used to 𝙝𝙪𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙨𝙛𝙪𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙣.
🩸19. 𝙂𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙤𝙘𝙮𝙩𝙚𝙨, a type of white blood cell, roll along blood vessel walls in search of 𝙗𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙖 to 𝙚𝙣𝙜𝙪𝙡𝙛 and 𝙙𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙤𝙮.
🩸20. 𝙒𝙝𝙞𝙩𝙚 𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙨 are the body’s primary 𝙙𝙚𝙛𝙚𝙣𝙨𝙚 𝙖𝙜𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙨𝙩 𝙞𝙣𝙛𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣
🤯1
✅✅✅✅SUMMARY OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
1🍁: Number of Muscles 639
2🍁: Number of Kidneys 2
3🍁: Number of Milk Teeth 20
4🍁: Number of Ribs 24 (12 pair)
5🍁: Number of Heart Chamber 4
6🍁: Largest artery Aorta
7🍁: Normal blood pressure
120/80mmHg
8🍁: Ph of Blood 7.4
9🍁: Number of vertebrae in the Spine 33
10🍁: Number of vertebrae in the Neck 7
11🍁: Number of Bones in Middle Ear 6
12🍁: Number of Bones in Face 14
13🍁: Number of Bones in Skull 22
14🍁: Number of Bones in Chest 25
15🍁: Number of Bones in Arms 6
16🍁: Number of Muscles in Human Arm 72
17🍁: Number of Pumps in Heart 2
18🍁: Largest Organ Skin
19🍁: Largest gland Liver
20🍁: Biggest cell female Ovum
21🍁: Smallest cell male Sperm
22🍁: Smallest Bone Stape
23🍁: First transplanted Organ Heart
24🍁: Average length of Small Intestine 7m
25🍁: Average length of Large Intestine 1.5m
26🍁: Average weight of new Born baby 2.6kg
27🍁: Pulse rate in One Minute 72 times
28🍁: Normal body temperature 37 C° (98.4 F°)
29🍁: Average Blood Volume 4 to 5 liters
30🍁: Life Span of RBC 120 days
31🍁: Life Span of WBC 13to 20 days
32🍁: Pregnancy Period 280 days (40 week)
33🍁: Number of Bones in Human Foot 33
34🍁: Number of Bones in Each wrist 8
35🍁: Number of Bones in Hand 27
36🍁: Largest Endocrine gland Thyroid
37🍁: Largest Lymphatic Organ Spleen
38🍁: Largest part of Brain Cerebrum
39🍁: Largest & Strongest Bone Femur
40🍁: Smallest Muscle Stapedius (Middle Ear)
41🍁: Number of Chromosome 46 (23 pair)
42🍁: Number of Bones in new Born baby 306
43🍁: Viscosity of Blood 4.5 to 5.5
44🍁: Universal Donor Blood Group O
45🍁: Universal Recipient Blood Group AB
46🍁: Largest WBC Monocyte
47🍁: Smallest WBC Lymphocyte lb
48🍁: Increase RBC count called Polycethemia
49🍁: Blood Bank in the Body is Spleen
50🍁: Non Nucleated Blood cell is RBC
51🍁: RBC produced in the Bone Marrow
52🍁: River of Life is Called Blood
53🍁: Normal Blood Cholesterol level 250mg/dl
54🍁: Fluid part of Blood is Plasma
55🍁: Normal Blood Sugar 100mg
1🍁: Number of Muscles 639
2🍁: Number of Kidneys 2
3🍁: Number of Milk Teeth 20
4🍁: Number of Ribs 24 (12 pair)
5🍁: Number of Heart Chamber 4
6🍁: Largest artery Aorta
7🍁: Normal blood pressure
120/80mmHg
8🍁: Ph of Blood 7.4
9🍁: Number of vertebrae in the Spine 33
10🍁: Number of vertebrae in the Neck 7
11🍁: Number of Bones in Middle Ear 6
12🍁: Number of Bones in Face 14
13🍁: Number of Bones in Skull 22
14🍁: Number of Bones in Chest 25
15🍁: Number of Bones in Arms 6
16🍁: Number of Muscles in Human Arm 72
17🍁: Number of Pumps in Heart 2
18🍁: Largest Organ Skin
19🍁: Largest gland Liver
20🍁: Biggest cell female Ovum
21🍁: Smallest cell male Sperm
22🍁: Smallest Bone Stape
23🍁: First transplanted Organ Heart
24🍁: Average length of Small Intestine 7m
25🍁: Average length of Large Intestine 1.5m
26🍁: Average weight of new Born baby 2.6kg
27🍁: Pulse rate in One Minute 72 times
28🍁: Normal body temperature 37 C° (98.4 F°)
29🍁: Average Blood Volume 4 to 5 liters
30🍁: Life Span of RBC 120 days
31🍁: Life Span of WBC 13to 20 days
32🍁: Pregnancy Period 280 days (40 week)
33🍁: Number of Bones in Human Foot 33
34🍁: Number of Bones in Each wrist 8
35🍁: Number of Bones in Hand 27
36🍁: Largest Endocrine gland Thyroid
37🍁: Largest Lymphatic Organ Spleen
38🍁: Largest part of Brain Cerebrum
39🍁: Largest & Strongest Bone Femur
40🍁: Smallest Muscle Stapedius (Middle Ear)
41🍁: Number of Chromosome 46 (23 pair)
42🍁: Number of Bones in new Born baby 306
43🍁: Viscosity of Blood 4.5 to 5.5
44🍁: Universal Donor Blood Group O
45🍁: Universal Recipient Blood Group AB
46🍁: Largest WBC Monocyte
47🍁: Smallest WBC Lymphocyte lb
48🍁: Increase RBC count called Polycethemia
49🍁: Blood Bank in the Body is Spleen
50🍁: Non Nucleated Blood cell is RBC
51🍁: RBC produced in the Bone Marrow
52🍁: River of Life is Called Blood
53🍁: Normal Blood Cholesterol level 250mg/dl
54🍁: Fluid part of Blood is Plasma
55🍁: Normal Blood Sugar 100mg
💖🍒🍫Nomenclature🍫🍒💖
🍎It is a process wherein scientific names are rendered to organisms for identification. There are 3 types of nomenclature
–Binomial nomenclature
-Polynomial nomenclature
-Trinomial nomenclature
🍎The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature’s Rules For Nomenclature Are: -
🍇The name of a species will consists of two words– the first will be the genus, and the last will be the specific epithet.
🍇In the case of plants, generic and specific names cannot be the same, but for animals, it will be deemed valid.
🍇The first letter of the genus will be in a capital letter while the specific term will be in small letters.
🍇For instance - Azadirachta indica.Names should be in Latin or Latinised.
🍇When recorded manually, the names should be underlined independently. In case of print, it must be registered in italics.
🍎It is a process wherein scientific names are rendered to organisms for identification. There are 3 types of nomenclature
–Binomial nomenclature
-Polynomial nomenclature
-Trinomial nomenclature
🍎The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature’s Rules For Nomenclature Are: -
🍇The name of a species will consists of two words– the first will be the genus, and the last will be the specific epithet.
🍇In the case of plants, generic and specific names cannot be the same, but for animals, it will be deemed valid.
🍇The first letter of the genus will be in a capital letter while the specific term will be in small letters.
🍇For instance - Azadirachta indica.Names should be in Latin or Latinised.
🍇When recorded manually, the names should be underlined independently. In case of print, it must be registered in italics.
✅✅Animal Tissue
• The tissue found in animals have comparatively some different properties than the plant tissue.
✅Types of Animal Tissue
Animal Tissues are divided as −
🔻Epithelial Tissue
🔻Connective Tissue
🔻Muscular Tissue
🔻Nervous Tissue
✅Epithelial Tissue
• Epithelial tissues are the covering and protective tissues in the animal body.
• Epithelial tissue covers almost all organs and cavities within the body.
• Epithelial tissue also forms a barrier to keep different body systems separate.
• Epithelial tissue cells are closely packed (as shown in the image given above) and form a continuous layer.
✅Connective Tissue
• Connective tissues are made up of the cells those are separated by non-living material, and known as an extracellular matrix.
• This matrix could be either liquid or rigid.
• Connective tissues are further divided as −
Fibrous connective tissue
Skeletal connective tissue and
Fluid connective tissue
• Tendons are the example of fibrous connective tissue.
• Bone is an example of a skeletal connective tissue.
• Bone forms the framework and provide supports to the body.
• Blood is an example of fluid connective tissue.
• Blood has a fluid (liquid) matrix known as plasma.
• In plasma, the red blood cells (RBCs), the white blood cells (WBCs), and the platelets are remaining suspended.
✅Muscular Tissue
• Muscular tissue largely consists of elongated cells, and also known as muscle fibers.
• The muscular tissue is accountable for the movements in our body.
• The muscular tissue contains special proteins known as contractile proteins; and this protein helps in contraction and relaxation and supports free movement.
✅Nervous Tissue
• The brain, spinal cord, and nerves all are composed of the nervous tissue.
• Cells of the nervous tissue are extremely particular and sensitive for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus swiftly from one place to another within the body.
• The cells of nervous tissue are known as nerve cells or neurons.
• Nerve impulses allow us to move our muscles whenever we want to do so.
• The tissue found in animals have comparatively some different properties than the plant tissue.
✅Types of Animal Tissue
Animal Tissues are divided as −
🔻Epithelial Tissue
🔻Connective Tissue
🔻Muscular Tissue
🔻Nervous Tissue
✅Epithelial Tissue
• Epithelial tissues are the covering and protective tissues in the animal body.
• Epithelial tissue covers almost all organs and cavities within the body.
• Epithelial tissue also forms a barrier to keep different body systems separate.
• Epithelial tissue cells are closely packed (as shown in the image given above) and form a continuous layer.
✅Connective Tissue
• Connective tissues are made up of the cells those are separated by non-living material, and known as an extracellular matrix.
• This matrix could be either liquid or rigid.
• Connective tissues are further divided as −
Fibrous connective tissue
Skeletal connective tissue and
Fluid connective tissue
• Tendons are the example of fibrous connective tissue.
• Bone is an example of a skeletal connective tissue.
• Bone forms the framework and provide supports to the body.
• Blood is an example of fluid connective tissue.
• Blood has a fluid (liquid) matrix known as plasma.
• In plasma, the red blood cells (RBCs), the white blood cells (WBCs), and the platelets are remaining suspended.
✅Muscular Tissue
• Muscular tissue largely consists of elongated cells, and also known as muscle fibers.
• The muscular tissue is accountable for the movements in our body.
• The muscular tissue contains special proteins known as contractile proteins; and this protein helps in contraction and relaxation and supports free movement.
✅Nervous Tissue
• The brain, spinal cord, and nerves all are composed of the nervous tissue.
• Cells of the nervous tissue are extremely particular and sensitive for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus swiftly from one place to another within the body.
• The cells of nervous tissue are known as nerve cells or neurons.
• Nerve impulses allow us to move our muscles whenever we want to do so.
❌Unidentate ligands:
🔻The ligands whose only one donor atom is bonded to metal atom are called unidentate ligands.
Examples:
🔻Didentate ligands:
The ligands which contain two donor atoms or ions through which they are bonded to the metal ion.
Examples: Ethylene diamine () has two nitrogen atoms, oxalate ion has two oxygen atoms which can bind with the metal atom.
🔻Polydentate ligand:
When several donor atoms are present in a single ligand, the ligand is called polydentate ligand.
Examples: In , the ligand is said to be polydentate and Ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion is an important hexadentate ligand. It can bind through two nitrogen and four oxygen atoms to a central metal ion.
❌Chelate:
🔻An inorganic metal complex in which there is a close ring of atoms caused by attachment of a ligand to a metal atom at two points.
Example is the complex ion formed between ethylene diamine and cupric ion, .
❌Ambidentate ligand:
Ligands which can ligate (link) through two different atoms present in it are called ambidentate ligand.
❌Werner’s coordination theory:
✌️Werner was able to explain the nature of bonding in complexes.
The postulates of Werner’s theory are:
a). Metal shows two different kinds of valencies: primary valence and secondary valence.
b). The ions/ groups bound by secondary linkages to the metal have characteristic spatial arrangements corresponding to different coordination numbers.
c). The most common geometrical shapes in coordination compounds are octahedral, square planar and tetrahedral.
🔻Primary valence
✌️This valence is normally ionisable.
It is equal to positive charge on central metal atom.
These valencies are satisfied by negatively charged ions.
Example: In , the primary valency is three. It is equal to oxidation state of central metal ion.
🔻Secondary valence
✌️This valence is non – ionisable.
The secondary valency equals the number of ligand atoms coordinated to the metal. It is also called coordination number of the metal.
It is commonly satisfied by neutral and negatively charged, sometimes by positively charged ligands.
❌Oxidation number of central atom: The oxidation number of the central atom in a complex is defined as the charge it would carry if all the ligands are removed along with the electron pairs that are shared with the central atom.
❌Homoleptic complexes:
Those complexes in which metal or ion is coordinate bonded to only one kind of donor atoms. For example:
Heteroleptic complexes: Those complexes in which metal or ion is coordinate bonded to more than one kind of donor atoms. For example:
🔻Isomers: Two or more compounds which have same chemical formula but different arrangement of atoms are called isomers.
Types of isomerism:
a). Linkage isomerism
b). Solvate isomerism or hydrate isomerism
c). Ionisation isomerism
d). Coordination isomerism
🤷🤷Structural isomerism
Stereoisomerism
a). Geometrical isomerism
b). Optical isomerism
❌Structural isomerism:
It arises due to the difference in structures of coordination compounds.
Structural isomerism, or constitutional isomerism, is a form of isomerism in which molecules with the same molecular formula have atoms bonded together in different orders.
🔻Ionisation isomerism:
It arises when the counter ion in a complex salt is itself a potential ligand and can displace a ligand which can then become the counter ion.
🔻Solvate isomerism:
It is isomerism in which solvent is involved as ligand.
If solvent is water it is called hydrate isomerism,
Linkage isomerism:
It arises in a coordination compound containing ambidentate ligand.
In the isomerism, a ligand can form linkage with metal through different atoms.
.
❌Coordination isomerism:
This type of isomerism arises from the interchange of ligands between cationic and anionic entities of different metal ions present in a complex.
🔻The ligands whose only one donor atom is bonded to metal atom are called unidentate ligands.
Examples:
🔻Didentate ligands:
The ligands which contain two donor atoms or ions through which they are bonded to the metal ion.
Examples: Ethylene diamine () has two nitrogen atoms, oxalate ion has two oxygen atoms which can bind with the metal atom.
🔻Polydentate ligand:
When several donor atoms are present in a single ligand, the ligand is called polydentate ligand.
Examples: In , the ligand is said to be polydentate and Ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion is an important hexadentate ligand. It can bind through two nitrogen and four oxygen atoms to a central metal ion.
❌Chelate:
🔻An inorganic metal complex in which there is a close ring of atoms caused by attachment of a ligand to a metal atom at two points.
Example is the complex ion formed between ethylene diamine and cupric ion, .
❌Ambidentate ligand:
Ligands which can ligate (link) through two different atoms present in it are called ambidentate ligand.
❌Werner’s coordination theory:
✌️Werner was able to explain the nature of bonding in complexes.
The postulates of Werner’s theory are:
a). Metal shows two different kinds of valencies: primary valence and secondary valence.
b). The ions/ groups bound by secondary linkages to the metal have characteristic spatial arrangements corresponding to different coordination numbers.
c). The most common geometrical shapes in coordination compounds are octahedral, square planar and tetrahedral.
🔻Primary valence
✌️This valence is normally ionisable.
It is equal to positive charge on central metal atom.
These valencies are satisfied by negatively charged ions.
Example: In , the primary valency is three. It is equal to oxidation state of central metal ion.
🔻Secondary valence
✌️This valence is non – ionisable.
The secondary valency equals the number of ligand atoms coordinated to the metal. It is also called coordination number of the metal.
It is commonly satisfied by neutral and negatively charged, sometimes by positively charged ligands.
❌Oxidation number of central atom: The oxidation number of the central atom in a complex is defined as the charge it would carry if all the ligands are removed along with the electron pairs that are shared with the central atom.
❌Homoleptic complexes:
Those complexes in which metal or ion is coordinate bonded to only one kind of donor atoms. For example:
Heteroleptic complexes: Those complexes in which metal or ion is coordinate bonded to more than one kind of donor atoms. For example:
🔻Isomers: Two or more compounds which have same chemical formula but different arrangement of atoms are called isomers.
Types of isomerism:
a). Linkage isomerism
b). Solvate isomerism or hydrate isomerism
c). Ionisation isomerism
d). Coordination isomerism
🤷🤷Structural isomerism
Stereoisomerism
a). Geometrical isomerism
b). Optical isomerism
❌Structural isomerism:
It arises due to the difference in structures of coordination compounds.
Structural isomerism, or constitutional isomerism, is a form of isomerism in which molecules with the same molecular formula have atoms bonded together in different orders.
🔻Ionisation isomerism:
It arises when the counter ion in a complex salt is itself a potential ligand and can displace a ligand which can then become the counter ion.
🔻Solvate isomerism:
It is isomerism in which solvent is involved as ligand.
If solvent is water it is called hydrate isomerism,
Linkage isomerism:
It arises in a coordination compound containing ambidentate ligand.
In the isomerism, a ligand can form linkage with metal through different atoms.
.
❌Coordination isomerism:
This type of isomerism arises from the interchange of ligands between cationic and anionic entities of different metal ions present in a complex.
MNEMONICS ANIMAL KINGDOM --
👇👇👇
💥 Phylum Porifera
👉Mnemonic: Sponges-
Pores All Your Sides.
Pore – Porifera
All – Spongilla
Your – Euspongia,
Sides – Sycon.
Examples: Spongilla, Euspongia, Sycon
💥PHYLUM COELENTERATA (CNIDARIA):
💢Examples: Physalia, Obelia, Meandrina, Adamsia, Aurelia, Gorgonia, Pennatula, Hydra.
👉 Mnemonic: Physics Objective exams MeinAdam Aur George Ne Pen Hide kiya.
Physics – Physalia
Objective – Obelia
Mein – Meandrina
Adam – Adamsia
Aur – Aurelia
George – Gorgonia
Ne – Cnidaria
Pen – Pennatula
Hide – Hydra.
💥PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES:
💢Examples: Taenia, Planaria, Fasciola.
👉Mnemonic: Teeno ki Planning Fail hui.
Teeno – Taenia
Planning – Planaria
Fail – Fasciola
👇👇👇
💥 Phylum Porifera
👉Mnemonic: Sponges-
Pores All Your Sides.
Pore – Porifera
All – Spongilla
Your – Euspongia,
Sides – Sycon.
Examples: Spongilla, Euspongia, Sycon
💥PHYLUM COELENTERATA (CNIDARIA):
💢Examples: Physalia, Obelia, Meandrina, Adamsia, Aurelia, Gorgonia, Pennatula, Hydra.
👉 Mnemonic: Physics Objective exams MeinAdam Aur George Ne Pen Hide kiya.
Physics – Physalia
Objective – Obelia
Mein – Meandrina
Adam – Adamsia
Aur – Aurelia
George – Gorgonia
Ne – Cnidaria
Pen – Pennatula
Hide – Hydra.
💥PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES:
💢Examples: Taenia, Planaria, Fasciola.
👉Mnemonic: Teeno ki Planning Fail hui.
Teeno – Taenia
Planning – Planaria
Fail – Fasciola
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐬
✺ Business Name
➭ IUPAC Name
➛ molecule formula
✺ chalk
➭ calcium carbonate
➛ CaCO₃
grape extract
➭ glucose
➛ C6H₁₂O6
✺ Alcohol
➭ ethyl
➛ C₂H5OH
✺ Caustic Potash
➭ potassium hydroxide
➛ KOH
4 Eating Soda
➭ sodium bicarbonate
➛ NaHCO₃
4 lime
➭ calcium oxide
➛ CaO
✺ Gypsum
➭ calcium sulfate
➛ CaSO₄.2H₂O
✺ tnt
Tri Nitro Tallinn
➛ C6H₂CH₃ (NO₂) ₃
✺ washing soda
➭ sodium carbonate
➛ Na₂CO₃
✺ blue blue
copper sulphate
➛ CuSO₄
✺ saline
➭ ammonium chloride
➛ NH₄Cl
✺ alum
➭ potassium aluminum sulfate
➛ K₂SO₄Al₂ (SO₄) ₃.24H₂O
Extinguished lime
➭ calcium hydroxide
➛ Ca (OH) ₂
Om Mand
4 starch
➛ C6H10O5
✺ Laughing Gas
➭ nitrous oxide
➛ N₂O
✺ red medicine
➭ potassium permanganate
➛ KMnO₄
✺ red vermilion
➭ lead paraxide
➛ Pb₃O₄
✺ dry ice
➭ solid carbon dioxide
➛ CO₂
Om Shora
➭ potassium nitrate
➛ KNO₃
✺ vinegar
Acetic acid dilute solution
➛ CH₃COOH
✺ icing
➭ borax
➛ Na₂B₄O7.10H₂O
✺ spirit
➭ Methyl Alcohol
➛ CH₃OH
✺ slate
➭ silica aluminum oxide
➛ Al₂O₃2SiO₂.2H₂O
✺ green case
➭ ferric sulfate
➛ Fe₂ (SO₄) ₃
✺ Business Name
➭ IUPAC Name
➛ molecule formula
✺ chalk
➭ calcium carbonate
➛ CaCO₃
grape extract
➭ glucose
➛ C6H₁₂O6
✺ Alcohol
➭ ethyl
➛ C₂H5OH
✺ Caustic Potash
➭ potassium hydroxide
➛ KOH
4 Eating Soda
➭ sodium bicarbonate
➛ NaHCO₃
4 lime
➭ calcium oxide
➛ CaO
✺ Gypsum
➭ calcium sulfate
➛ CaSO₄.2H₂O
✺ tnt
Tri Nitro Tallinn
➛ C6H₂CH₃ (NO₂) ₃
✺ washing soda
➭ sodium carbonate
➛ Na₂CO₃
✺ blue blue
copper sulphate
➛ CuSO₄
✺ saline
➭ ammonium chloride
➛ NH₄Cl
✺ alum
➭ potassium aluminum sulfate
➛ K₂SO₄Al₂ (SO₄) ₃.24H₂O
Extinguished lime
➭ calcium hydroxide
➛ Ca (OH) ₂
Om Mand
4 starch
➛ C6H10O5
✺ Laughing Gas
➭ nitrous oxide
➛ N₂O
✺ red medicine
➭ potassium permanganate
➛ KMnO₄
✺ red vermilion
➭ lead paraxide
➛ Pb₃O₄
✺ dry ice
➭ solid carbon dioxide
➛ CO₂
Om Shora
➭ potassium nitrate
➛ KNO₃
✺ vinegar
Acetic acid dilute solution
➛ CH₃COOH
✺ icing
➭ borax
➛ Na₂B₄O7.10H₂O
✺ spirit
➭ Methyl Alcohol
➛ CH₃OH
✺ slate
➭ silica aluminum oxide
➛ Al₂O₃2SiO₂.2H₂O
✺ green case
➭ ferric sulfate
➛ Fe₂ (SO₄) ₃
❌❌Revision in shorts❌❌
🤷🤷Raoult’s Law:
🔻🔻
“The partial vapour pressure of any component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction”.
🌡For a binary solution of two components A and B,
PA = XA
PB = XB
Where
P0A = vapour pressure of component A in pure state.
PA = vapour pressure of component A in the solution.
P0B = vapour pressure of component B in pure state.
PB = vapour pressure of component B in the solution
🌡🌡Limitations of Raoult’s Law:-
🔻Raoult’s law is applicable only to very dilute solutions.
🔻It is applicable to solutions containing non-volatile solute only.
🔻It is not applicable to solutes which dissociate or associate in a particular solution
🔻Raoult’s Law in Combination with Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure:
[[PT = XA P0A + XB P0B = P0B + (P0A -P0B) XA ]]]]
Where
PT = Total Vapour Pressure of the Solution.
Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions:
❌❌Ideal Solution:
These solutions obey Raoult’s law at all compositions of solute in solvent at all temperature
🔻Two liquids A and B form and ideal solution when A –A and B–B molecular attractions will be same and hence A–B molecular attraction will be almost same as A–A and B–B molecular attraction.
🤷For Ideal Solution:
1. dHmixing = 0, i.e. no heat should be absorbed or evolved during mixing
2. dVmixing = 0, i.e. no expansion or contraction on mixing
Examples , Ethyl chloride and ethyl bromide, n–hexane and n–heptane , CCl4 and SiCl4
❌❌Non-Ideal Solution:
🔻These solutions deviate from ideal behaviour and do not obey Raoult’s law over entire range of composition.
🤷For non ideal solutions,
1. dHmixing ≠ 0
2. dHmixing ≠ 0
Here we may have two cases
A) Positive Deviation:
1. PA > XA & PB > XB
2. dHmix > 0
3. dVmix > 0
Example: Cyclohexane and Ethanol
B) Negative Deviation:
1. PA > XA & PB > XB
2. dHmix < 0
3. dVmix < 0
🤷🤷Raoult’s Law:
🔻🔻
“The partial vapour pressure of any component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction”.
🌡For a binary solution of two components A and B,
PA = XA
PB = XB
Where
P0A = vapour pressure of component A in pure state.
PA = vapour pressure of component A in the solution.
P0B = vapour pressure of component B in pure state.
PB = vapour pressure of component B in the solution
🌡🌡Limitations of Raoult’s Law:-
🔻Raoult’s law is applicable only to very dilute solutions.
🔻It is applicable to solutions containing non-volatile solute only.
🔻It is not applicable to solutes which dissociate or associate in a particular solution
🔻Raoult’s Law in Combination with Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure:
[[PT = XA P0A + XB P0B = P0B + (P0A -P0B) XA ]]]]
Where
PT = Total Vapour Pressure of the Solution.
Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions:
❌❌Ideal Solution:
These solutions obey Raoult’s law at all compositions of solute in solvent at all temperature
🔻Two liquids A and B form and ideal solution when A –A and B–B molecular attractions will be same and hence A–B molecular attraction will be almost same as A–A and B–B molecular attraction.
🤷For Ideal Solution:
1. dHmixing = 0, i.e. no heat should be absorbed or evolved during mixing
2. dVmixing = 0, i.e. no expansion or contraction on mixing
Examples , Ethyl chloride and ethyl bromide, n–hexane and n–heptane , CCl4 and SiCl4
❌❌Non-Ideal Solution:
🔻These solutions deviate from ideal behaviour and do not obey Raoult’s law over entire range of composition.
🤷For non ideal solutions,
1. dHmixing ≠ 0
2. dHmixing ≠ 0
Here we may have two cases
A) Positive Deviation:
1. PA > XA & PB > XB
2. dHmix > 0
3. dVmix > 0
Example: Cyclohexane and Ethanol
B) Negative Deviation:
1. PA > XA & PB > XB
2. dHmix < 0
3. dVmix < 0
⟨⟨ 𝐒𝐎𝐌𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐍 𝐍𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐔𝐍𝐆𝐈 ⟩⟩
1)Myxomycetes - Slime fungi
2)Eumycetes - True fungi
3)Phycomycetes - Algal fungi
4)Ascomycetes - Sac fungi
5)Allomyces - Water molds
6)Basidiomycetes - Club fungi
7)Mucor - Bread mold
8)Penicillum - Green/blue mold
9)Pezzia - Cup fungi
10)Polyporus - Pore fungi
11)Puccinia - Rust fungus
12)Ustilago - Smut fungus
13)Aspergillus - Conidial fungus
14)Yeast - Sugar fungi
15)Claviceps - Ergot fungi
16)Auricularia - Jelly fungi
17)Fomes - Shelf fungi
18)Clavicornona - Coral fungi
19)Rhizopus - Conjugation fungi
20)Psilocybe geastrum - Hallucinogenic fungi
1)Myxomycetes - Slime fungi
2)Eumycetes - True fungi
3)Phycomycetes - Algal fungi
4)Ascomycetes - Sac fungi
5)Allomyces - Water molds
6)Basidiomycetes - Club fungi
7)Mucor - Bread mold
8)Penicillum - Green/blue mold
9)Pezzia - Cup fungi
10)Polyporus - Pore fungi
11)Puccinia - Rust fungus
12)Ustilago - Smut fungus
13)Aspergillus - Conidial fungus
14)Yeast - Sugar fungi
15)Claviceps - Ergot fungi
16)Auricularia - Jelly fungi
17)Fomes - Shelf fungi
18)Clavicornona - Coral fungi
19)Rhizopus - Conjugation fungi
20)Psilocybe geastrum - Hallucinogenic fungi
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🔰 Role of nutrients and their deficiency Symptoms 🔰
#Nitrogen
▪️Impart green colour to plant encourages vegetative growth
▪️ Nitrogen is essential constituent of protein
▪️ Constituent of Protoplasm of chlorophyll and coenzyme.
▪️ Play important role in
synthesis of auxin
#Deficiency
▪️ Lower leaves become yellow and dries.
▪️V shaped chlorosis on older leaves or yellowing at tip.
#Disease
▪️Starvation disease due to nitrogen deficiency.
▪️Buttoning in cauliflower.
#Phosphorous
▪️Increase the disease resistance.
▪️ Enhance new cell formation and necessary for root development.
▪️Required for grain formation and maturity of grains.
▪️Phosphorus is essential constituent for nucleic acid and phytin.
▪️Most essential functions are energy storage and transfer energy act as "energy currency".
#Deficiency
▪️Due to deficiency of single element the life cycle of plant can't be completed hence (Agricultureexamslibrary) Phosphorus is called " key of life "
▪️Deficiency imparts dark green colour in leaves.
▪️Later develops red purple colourration.
#Disease
▪️Sickle leaf diseases.
#Potassium
▪️Most essential function of K+ is stomata regulation.
▪️Provides disease resistance in plants.
▪️Cofactor for enzymes.
▪️Formation and translocation of Sugars.
▪️Helps in chlorophyll formation.
#Deficiency
▪️Spot of dead tissue at tips.
▪️Scorching and burning on margins of autumn leaves.
#Disease
▪️Rottle/ dieback disease.
#Calcium
▪️ It is constituent of cell wall
▪️ Calcium is a mobile in plants and deficiency symptoms appear on Meristem tip portion.
# Deficiency
▪️ Terminal bud die
#Disease
▪️Tip hooking.
▪️ Blossom end rot of tomato(BER).
▪️Popping in groundnut.
#Magnesium
▪️ Essential constituent of chlorophyll.
▪️ Magnesium is a constituent of chlorophyll.
▪️Chlorosis between veins.
#Disease
▪️Sand -drown disease of tobacco.
#Sulphur
▪️ Sulphur oxidizing Bacteria is Thiobacillus.
▪️Sulphur is essential for oil seed and pulses because it improves oil content and protein content in oil seeds and pulses, respectively.
#Disease
▪️Akiochi disease of rice due to Excess of hydrogen sulphide.
▪️Tea yellow disease of tea.
#Iron
▪️Fe is the component of nitrate reductase.
▪️Required for nitrogen fixation.
▪️During respiration act as O2 carrier.
#Deficiency
▪️Interveinal complete chlorosis.
▪️Scorching of leaf margin.
▪️Yellowing of iron chlorosis in groundnut.
#Manganese
▪️Formation of chlorophyll.
▪️Co-factor of enzyme.
▪️Mn toxicity causes crinckle leaf of cotton.
#Deficiency
▪️Dead spot on leaves.
#Desease
▪️Marsh spot of pea.
▪️Pahala blight of sugarcane.
#Copper
▪️Compound of plastocyanin.
▪️Essential for photosynthesis/ respiration.Agriexams library
▪️Dieback and reclamation disease of cereals.
#Boron
▪️ Necessary for Pollen germination.
▪️Boron is the only non-metal element among the micronutrient.
▪️It is necessary for translocation of Sugars and is involved in reproduction and germination of pollen.
#Disease : due to deficiency
▪️Browning of cauliflower is caused by Boron deficiency.
▪️Top sickness of tobacco.
▪️Fruit cracking of tomato.
▪️Hard fruit of citrus.
▪️Hen and chick disease of grape.
#Zinc
▪️In plants it is required for biosynthesis of hormones.
▪️Zn deficiency causes-
-White bud of maize.
-Khaira disease of rice.
-Little leaf of cotton.
-Mottled leaf of citrus.
-Rosette formation.
#Cobalt
▪️It is component of Vitamin B
▪️It is essential for formation of type of hemoglobin in N-fixing nodule tissue known as leghaemogloin.
▪️Act as O2 carrier in roots.
▪️Also known as animal protein factor.
#Molybdenum
▪️Mo: absorbed as molybdate MoO4-2 forms.
▪️Mo is important component of enzyme: Nitrate reductage.
▪️N-fixation in pulses.
▪️Whiptail of cauliflower is due to deficiency of Mo.
▪️Mo is required for carrot & raphanus for sweetness.
#Nitrogen
▪️Impart green colour to plant encourages vegetative growth
▪️ Nitrogen is essential constituent of protein
▪️ Constituent of Protoplasm of chlorophyll and coenzyme.
▪️ Play important role in
synthesis of auxin
#Deficiency
▪️ Lower leaves become yellow and dries.
▪️V shaped chlorosis on older leaves or yellowing at tip.
#Disease
▪️Starvation disease due to nitrogen deficiency.
▪️Buttoning in cauliflower.
#Phosphorous
▪️Increase the disease resistance.
▪️ Enhance new cell formation and necessary for root development.
▪️Required for grain formation and maturity of grains.
▪️Phosphorus is essential constituent for nucleic acid and phytin.
▪️Most essential functions are energy storage and transfer energy act as "energy currency".
#Deficiency
▪️Due to deficiency of single element the life cycle of plant can't be completed hence (Agricultureexamslibrary) Phosphorus is called " key of life "
▪️Deficiency imparts dark green colour in leaves.
▪️Later develops red purple colourration.
#Disease
▪️Sickle leaf diseases.
#Potassium
▪️Most essential function of K+ is stomata regulation.
▪️Provides disease resistance in plants.
▪️Cofactor for enzymes.
▪️Formation and translocation of Sugars.
▪️Helps in chlorophyll formation.
#Deficiency
▪️Spot of dead tissue at tips.
▪️Scorching and burning on margins of autumn leaves.
#Disease
▪️Rottle/ dieback disease.
#Calcium
▪️ It is constituent of cell wall
▪️ Calcium is a mobile in plants and deficiency symptoms appear on Meristem tip portion.
# Deficiency
▪️ Terminal bud die
#Disease
▪️Tip hooking.
▪️ Blossom end rot of tomato(BER).
▪️Popping in groundnut.
#Magnesium
▪️ Essential constituent of chlorophyll.
▪️ Magnesium is a constituent of chlorophyll.
▪️Chlorosis between veins.
#Disease
▪️Sand -drown disease of tobacco.
#Sulphur
▪️ Sulphur oxidizing Bacteria is Thiobacillus.
▪️Sulphur is essential for oil seed and pulses because it improves oil content and protein content in oil seeds and pulses, respectively.
#Disease
▪️Akiochi disease of rice due to Excess of hydrogen sulphide.
▪️Tea yellow disease of tea.
#Iron
▪️Fe is the component of nitrate reductase.
▪️Required for nitrogen fixation.
▪️During respiration act as O2 carrier.
#Deficiency
▪️Interveinal complete chlorosis.
▪️Scorching of leaf margin.
▪️Yellowing of iron chlorosis in groundnut.
#Manganese
▪️Formation of chlorophyll.
▪️Co-factor of enzyme.
▪️Mn toxicity causes crinckle leaf of cotton.
#Deficiency
▪️Dead spot on leaves.
#Desease
▪️Marsh spot of pea.
▪️Pahala blight of sugarcane.
#Copper
▪️Compound of plastocyanin.
▪️Essential for photosynthesis/ respiration.Agriexams library
▪️Dieback and reclamation disease of cereals.
#Boron
▪️ Necessary for Pollen germination.
▪️Boron is the only non-metal element among the micronutrient.
▪️It is necessary for translocation of Sugars and is involved in reproduction and germination of pollen.
#Disease : due to deficiency
▪️Browning of cauliflower is caused by Boron deficiency.
▪️Top sickness of tobacco.
▪️Fruit cracking of tomato.
▪️Hard fruit of citrus.
▪️Hen and chick disease of grape.
#Zinc
▪️In plants it is required for biosynthesis of hormones.
▪️Zn deficiency causes-
-White bud of maize.
-Khaira disease of rice.
-Little leaf of cotton.
-Mottled leaf of citrus.
-Rosette formation.
#Cobalt
▪️It is component of Vitamin B
▪️It is essential for formation of type of hemoglobin in N-fixing nodule tissue known as leghaemogloin.
▪️Act as O2 carrier in roots.
▪️Also known as animal protein factor.
#Molybdenum
▪️Mo: absorbed as molybdate MoO4-2 forms.
▪️Mo is important component of enzyme: Nitrate reductage.
▪️N-fixation in pulses.
▪️Whiptail of cauliflower is due to deficiency of Mo.
▪️Mo is required for carrot & raphanus for sweetness.
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𝙋𝙡𝙤𝙞𝙙𝙮 𝙡𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙡 𝙄𝙣 𝘿𝙞𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙋𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙊𝙛 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙩
𝕊𝕡𝕠𝕣𝕠𝕡𝕙𝕪𝕥𝕖
𝚉𝚢𝚐𝚘𝚝𝚎 - 2𝚗
𝙴𝚖𝚋𝚛𝚢𝚘 - 2𝚗
𝚁𝚊𝚍𝚒𝚌𝚕𝚎 - 2𝚗
𝙿𝚕𝚞𝚖𝚞𝚕𝚎 - 2𝚗
𝙲𝚘𝚝𝚢𝚕𝚎𝚍𝚘𝚗 - 2𝚗
𝙽𝚞𝚌𝚎𝚕𝚕𝚞𝚜 - 2𝚗
𝙸𝚗𝚝𝚎𝚐𝚞𝚖𝚎𝚗𝚝 - 2𝚗
𝙼𝚒𝚌𝚛𝚘𝚙𝚜𝚙𝚘𝚛𝚎 𝙼𝚘𝚝𝚑𝚎𝚛 𝚌𝚎𝚕𝚕 - 2𝚗
𝙼𝚎𝚐𝚊𝚜𝚙𝚘𝚛𝚎 𝙼𝚘𝚝𝚑𝚎𝚛 𝙲𝚎𝚕𝚕 - 2𝚗
𝙾𝚟𝚊𝚛𝚢 𝚆𝚊𝚕𝚕 , 𝙵𝚛𝚞𝚒𝚝 𝚆𝚊𝚕𝚕- 2𝚗
𝙲𝚊𝚛𝚙𝚎𝚕 - 2𝚗
𝚂𝚎𝚙𝚊𝚕 , 𝙿𝚎𝚝𝚊𝚕 - 2𝚗
𝚂𝚝𝚊𝚖𝚎𝚗 - 2𝚗
𝙻𝚎𝚊𝚏, 𝚁𝚘𝚘𝚝, 𝚂𝚝𝚎𝚖 - 2𝚗
𝔾𝕒𝕞𝕖𝕥𝕠𝕡𝕙𝕪𝕥𝕖
𝙼𝚒𝚌𝚛𝚘𝚜𝚙𝚘𝚛𝚎 - 𝚗
𝚃𝚞𝚋𝚎 𝚌𝚎𝚕𝚕 , 𝙶𝚎𝚗𝚎𝚛𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝙲𝚎𝚕𝚕 - 𝚗
𝙼𝚊𝚕𝚎 / 𝙵𝚎𝚖𝚊𝚕𝚎 𝙶𝚊𝚖𝚎𝚝𝚎 - 𝚗
𝙼𝚎𝚐𝚊𝚜𝚙𝚘𝚛𝚎 - 𝚗
𝙴𝚖𝚋𝚛𝚢𝚘𝚜𝚊𝚌 - 𝚗
𝚂𝚢𝚗𝚎𝚛𝚐𝚒𝚍 - 𝚗
𝙰𝚗𝚝𝚒𝚙𝚘𝚍𝚊𝚕 - 𝚗
𝙴𝚐𝚐 𝙲𝚎𝚕𝚕 - 𝚗
2 𝙿𝚘𝚕𝚊𝚛 𝙽𝚞𝚌𝚕𝚎𝚒 - 𝚗 & 𝚗
𝕊𝕡𝕠𝕣𝕠𝕡𝕙𝕪𝕥𝕖
𝚉𝚢𝚐𝚘𝚝𝚎 - 2𝚗
𝙴𝚖𝚋𝚛𝚢𝚘 - 2𝚗
𝚁𝚊𝚍𝚒𝚌𝚕𝚎 - 2𝚗
𝙿𝚕𝚞𝚖𝚞𝚕𝚎 - 2𝚗
𝙲𝚘𝚝𝚢𝚕𝚎𝚍𝚘𝚗 - 2𝚗
𝙽𝚞𝚌𝚎𝚕𝚕𝚞𝚜 - 2𝚗
𝙸𝚗𝚝𝚎𝚐𝚞𝚖𝚎𝚗𝚝 - 2𝚗
𝙼𝚒𝚌𝚛𝚘𝚙𝚜𝚙𝚘𝚛𝚎 𝙼𝚘𝚝𝚑𝚎𝚛 𝚌𝚎𝚕𝚕 - 2𝚗
𝙼𝚎𝚐𝚊𝚜𝚙𝚘𝚛𝚎 𝙼𝚘𝚝𝚑𝚎𝚛 𝙲𝚎𝚕𝚕 - 2𝚗
𝙾𝚟𝚊𝚛𝚢 𝚆𝚊𝚕𝚕 , 𝙵𝚛𝚞𝚒𝚝 𝚆𝚊𝚕𝚕- 2𝚗
𝙲𝚊𝚛𝚙𝚎𝚕 - 2𝚗
𝚂𝚎𝚙𝚊𝚕 , 𝙿𝚎𝚝𝚊𝚕 - 2𝚗
𝚂𝚝𝚊𝚖𝚎𝚗 - 2𝚗
𝙻𝚎𝚊𝚏, 𝚁𝚘𝚘𝚝, 𝚂𝚝𝚎𝚖 - 2𝚗
𝔾𝕒𝕞𝕖𝕥𝕠𝕡𝕙𝕪𝕥𝕖
𝙼𝚒𝚌𝚛𝚘𝚜𝚙𝚘𝚛𝚎 - 𝚗
𝚃𝚞𝚋𝚎 𝚌𝚎𝚕𝚕 , 𝙶𝚎𝚗𝚎𝚛𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝙲𝚎𝚕𝚕 - 𝚗
𝙼𝚊𝚕𝚎 / 𝙵𝚎𝚖𝚊𝚕𝚎 𝙶𝚊𝚖𝚎𝚝𝚎 - 𝚗
𝙼𝚎𝚐𝚊𝚜𝚙𝚘𝚛𝚎 - 𝚗
𝙴𝚖𝚋𝚛𝚢𝚘𝚜𝚊𝚌 - 𝚗
𝚂𝚢𝚗𝚎𝚛𝚐𝚒𝚍 - 𝚗
𝙰𝚗𝚝𝚒𝚙𝚘𝚍𝚊𝚕 - 𝚗
𝙴𝚐𝚐 𝙲𝚎𝚕𝚕 - 𝚗
2 𝙿𝚘𝚕𝚊𝚛 𝙽𝚞𝚌𝚕𝚎𝚒 - 𝚗 & 𝚗
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